Псевдонаучная терминология: лингвостилистический и когнитивно-прагматический аспекты (на материале современного английского языка)

 

Electrodermal response - A measure of skin conductance or resistance related to sympathetic nervous system arousal. This response can be elicited by external stimuli (a light, tone etc.), or by internal activity (e.g. emotions).

 

Electroencephalograph (EEG) - A device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp.

 

Electrooculograhph (EOG) - A device that records eye movement.

 

Empathy - Rarely used in modern parapsychology, the popular usage of this term refers to a low-level form of telepathy wherein the empath appears to be aware of the emotional state of a distant person. An empath may also be able to “broadcast” emotions to others.

 

Empiricism - The premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation.

 

ESP - Extrasensory perception. (receptive psychic) The ability to gain knowledge through means other than the five physical senses or logical inference.

 

Electronic voice phenomenon (EVP) - The capture of ‘spirit’  voices on magnetic tape as an audio recording. Many times, no sound is heard while the tape is recording. It’s only upon playback that the harsh, hushed voices can be heard.

 

Experiment - A test carried out under controlled conditions.

 

Experimental Group - A group of subjects who undergo a specific experimental procedure. Often results from this group are compared with those of a control group.

 

Experimental Parapsychology - Parapsychology research involving experimental methods rather than survey techniques or the investigation of spontaneous cases.

 

Experimenter - The person who conducts the experiment.

 

Experimenter Effect - Influence that the experimenter's personality or behavior may have on the results of an experiment.

 

False Awakening - An experience in which a person believes he or she has woken up, but actually is still dreaming.

 

Forced choice experiment - An experiment in which the subject is forced to choose among an assortment of possible targets, such as the five ESP cards.

 

Free response experiment - An experiment in which the subject knows only the general nature of the target - for instance, that it is a picture - but not anything else.

 

Ganzfield experiment - An experiment where input from the outside world is reduced by placing halved ping-pong balls over the eyes and by masking external sounds (covering subject's ears with headphones and playing white noise). A state of mild sensory deprivation.

 

General Extrasensory Perception (GESP) - ESP in which it is unclear whether the results are due to clairvoyance, telepathy, precognition or retrocognition.

 

Ghost - A form of apparition, usually the visual appearance of a deceased human’s ‘spirit soul’ or that of a crisis apparition.

 

Ghost hunt / Ghost investigation - A ghost hunt is an informal attempt to simply sight or record a ‘ghost’ in a location similar to others known to be haunted. A ghost investigation, on the other hand, is a carefully controlled research project, set up to record paranormal activity, usually at a location known, or presumed to be haunted.

 

Goat - A subject in an experiment who does not believe in the ability for which he or she is being tested.

 

Hallucination - Perception of sights, sounds, etc., that are not actually present. Ghosts, as we define them, are not hallucinations, because they have a real, external cause.

 

Haunting - Recurrent sounds of human activity, sightings of apparitions, and other psychic phenomena, in a location when no one is there physically.

 

Hit - A choice that proves correct.

 

Hot Reading - A reading given in which prior knowledge of the sitter has been obtained, often using devious or fraudulent means.

 

Hypnosis - State like sleep in which the subject acts only on external suggestion.

 

 

Illusion - A distorted perception of objects or events causing a discrepancy between what is perceived and what is reality. (sometimes confused with hallucination)

 

Incline Effect - An increase in performance on a psi test when the test is repeated.

 

Intuition - The non-paranormal ability to grasp the elements of a situation or to draw conclusions about complex events in ways that go beyond a purely rational or intellectual analysis.

 

Judge - Person who compares targets and responses in a psi experiment.

 

Kirlian Photography - A photographic method involving high frequency electric current, discovered by S.D. & V. Kirlian in the Soviet Union. Kirlian photographs often show colored halos or "auras" surrounding objects.

 

Laying on of hands - A process by which certain healers profess to be able to heal patients by touch.

 

Levitation - The lifting of physical objects by psychokinesis (PK).

 

Life Review - Flashback memories of the whole of a person's life, often associated with the near-death experience.

 

Longbody - A web of living connections among people, places, and objects.

 

Lucid Dreaming - Dreaming in which the person is aware that the experience is a dream. Often associated with feelings of aliveness and freedom, and with the ability to control dream events.

 

Magnetometer (EMF detector, gaussmeter) - A device to measure the presence of a magnetic field as well as its strength, direction, and fluctuation. Paranormal researchers use the device in an attempt to detect a ghost’s magnetic or energy aura.

 

Mean Chance Expectation (MCE) - The most likely chance score in a psi test.

 

Medium - A person who professes to be able to communicate with spirits.

 

Medium (direct voice) - A trance medium who apparently acts as a transmitter for the voices of disembodied spirits.

 

Medium (materialization) - A medium who seems to be able to give physical form to the deceased from a substance called “ectoplasm”. 

 

Medium (physical) - A medium who is the center of moving objects and other physical incidents supposedly caused by spirits.

 

Mesmerism - The induction of a sleep or trance state, discovered during the work of Friedrich Anton Mesmer, from whose name the word is derived. Also known as hypnotism.

 

Miss - A choice that proves incorrect.

 

Mist - A photographed anomaly (not seen at time of photo) that appears as a 'blanket' of light. Theory suggests that this is the appearance of a 'ghost' or 'spirit' of the dead. As with other photographed anomalies there is environmental issues that are of concern to the validity of their existence (moisture, reflection, dirty lens, etc.). There has been no substantial proof that these are, or are related in any way, to 'ghosts' or paranormal behavior.

 

Motor automatism - Bodily movement of an intelligent and purposeful kind of which the person is not aware, as with automatic writing.

 

Necromancy / necromancer - A form of prophecy, in which the seer or sorcerer / sorceress raises the ‘spirit’ (not corporal remains) of the dead in order to have the wraith foretell future events. It was thought that upon entering eternity, the ‘spirit’ would have full knowledge of the past, present, and future.

 

NDE - Near-death experience - the out-of-body and other experiences people report having when they are close to death. Events within NDE include: an OBE, life review, a tunnel experience (drifting in darkness), encounters with guides (or angels), seeing dead relatives or friends, a moment of decision (or being told) to turn back.

 

Noise-reduction model - The idea that psi information may be more accessible if normal sensory information is reduced to a minimum (reducing sensory ‘noise’ to make the psi ‘signal’ clearer) (see Ganzfield experiment).

 

OBE - Out-of-body experience - the experience that the self is in a different location than the physical body.

 

Objective apparitions - Apparitions or phenomena that appear independent of our minds, thoughts, or feelings.

 

Occam's Razor - The principle that we should always prefer the simplest explanation of events.

 

Open Deck - A series of cards used in a card guessing test where each card is chosen randomly and independently. This enables each target to be selected any number of times. Statistical analysis of research data using an open deck differs from statistical analysis of data using a closed deck.

 

Open Matching (OM) - A card guessing procedure in which key cards are placed face up on the table. The subject then places the unseen target cards in piles in front of each key card, according to their guesses.

 

Orb - A photographed (not seen at time of photo) anomaly that, in theory, represents an ongoing 'spirit' of a deceased person. It appears as a ball of light and may occasionally seem to be moving. This is a highly controversial subject since there are many reasonable circumstances that identify this as environmental (dust, rain, snow, dirty lens, insects, reflection, lens flare etc.). There has been no substantial proof that the balls of light are associated with 'ghosts', the dead or any paranormal behavior.

 

Ouija Board - A board pre-printed with letters, numerals, and words used by mediums to receive spirit communications. Usually a planchatte (palm-sized triangular platform) is employed to spell out words or point out numbers or letters. A game version of the Ouija board was mass-marketed as OUIJA by Parker Brothers in 1966 and is currently distributed by Hasbro.

 

Paranormal - Above or outside the natural order of things as presently understood.

 

Parapsychology - The branch of science that studies psychic phenomena. (term coined by J.B. Rhine)

 

Percipient - A person who sees (i.e., perceives) an apparition or ghost.

 

Phenomenology - An approach to research that aims to describe and clarify a person's own experience and understanding of an event or phenomenon.

 

Poltergeist - A German word meaning 'noisy or rowdy ghost' (see also RSPK).

 

Probability - The likelihood that results in a test were due to chance.

 

Process Research - Research that aims to investigate factors affecting psi.

 

 

Proof Research - Research that aims to demonstrate the existence of psi.

 

Psychical Research - Term coined in the late 19th century to refer to the scientific study of the paranormal. Now largely superseded by 'parapsychology'.

 

PK - Psychokinesis - (expressive psychic) the power of the mind to affect matter without physical contact.

 

PK (bio) - Psychokinetic influence of biological systems e.g. changing the physiological activity of a living system (see DMILS).

 

PK (deliberate) - Psychokinesis that occurs as a result of conscious effort by the person causing it.

 

PK (macro) - The effect of psychokinesis on objects in general.

 

PK (micro) - The effect of psychokinesis on random events such as random event generators (REGs).

 

PK (spontaneous) - Psychokinesis that occurs without conscious effort by the person who causes it.

 

PK (time-displaced) - The concept of psychokinesis going backward in time to affect events that have already taken place.

 

Place memory - Information about past events that apparently is stored in the physical environment.

 

Precognition - The ability to predict things beyond present knowledge.

 

Psi - A letter in the Greek alphabet that denotes psychic phenomena.

 

Psi hitting - A test performance significantly higher than expected by chance.

 

Psi missing - A test performance significantly lower than expected by chance.

 

Psyche - The Greek word for “self”, “mind”, or “soul”. 

 

Psychic - A person with above average ESP abilities.

 

Psychic healing - A mode of healing affected by the psychic abilities of the healer.

 

Psychic surgery - The supposed ability to paranormally perform invasive surgery using no conventional medical tools.

 

Psychometry - ESP of events associated with inanimate objects.

 

Qualitative Method - A research method involving the collection of non-quantitative data (e.g., observations, interviews, subjective reports, case studies).

 

Quantitative Method - A research method involving the collection and statistical analysis of numerical data.

 

Radio voice phenomenon (RVP) - Receiving the voice of a deceased human being over a regular radio.

 

REG - Random event generator. A target selection machine that operates in a way that should be impossible to predict creating random events or random numbers. (same as Random Number Generator - RNG)

 

Remote viewing - (1)Another term for clairvoyance.(2)An ESP procedure in which a percipient attempts to become aware psychically of the experience of an agent who is at a distant, unknown target location.

 

 

REMs - Rapid eye movement during sleep that indicates dreaming.

 

Repressed psychokinetic energy - A theoretical psychic force produced, usually unconsciously, by an individual undergoing physical or mental trauma. When released, the power causes paranormal occurrences such as poltergeist activity.

 

Response - An action made by a subject in an experiment.

 

Response bias - Tendency of a subject to prefer particular responses.

 

Retroactive Psychokinesis - Paranormal influence that an agent can have on an experiment after it has been completed.

 

Retrocognition - A ‘time warp’ in which one finds themself in the past, seeing or experiencing events of which they had no prior knowledge.

 

RSPK - Recurrent spontaneous psychokinesis. A possible cause of apparent poltergeist activity.

 

Run - A set of trials in a psi test.

 

Sceptic (skeptic) - A person inclined to discount the reality of the paranormal and to be critical of parapsychological research. Generally seeks rational or scientific explanations for the phenomenon studied by parapsychologists.

 

Score - Number of hits in a psi test.

 

Scrying - A term used to cover a wide range of divination techniques which parapsychology would tend to classify as types of ESP. Most scrying techniques involve some degree of fixation on a surface with a clear optical depth (crystal ball, a pool of ink or deep water) or on an area which shows random patterns (flames in a fire, smoke), the idea being that subconscious information available to the scrying will be manifested in their interpretation of the imagery or random patterns they see.

 

Séance - A group of people who gather in an effort to communicate with the dead.

 

Series - A sequence of runs in a psi experiment.

 

Shaman - A ‘wizard’ in tribal societies who is an intermediary between the living, the dead, and the gods.

 

Sheep - A subject in an experiment who believes in the ability for which he or she is being tested.

 

Spirit photography - A spirit photograph captures the image of a ghost on film. Many of these are supposedly intended as a mere portrait of a living human being, but when the film is developed, an ethereal ghostly face or figure can be seen hovering near the subject. This may also incorporate orbs, vortexes, and mists to some degree.

 

Spirit theater - A term used by modern-day magicians to describe shows, acts, or tricks in which ghosts or other spirit activity are apparently produced.

 

Spiritualism - A belief system that ‘spirits’ of the dead can (and do) communicate with living humans in the material world. (Usually through a intermediary known as a medium).

 

Subjective apparitions - Apparitions or phenomena that are hallucinations created by our minds.

 

Supernatural - Something that exists or occurs through some means other than any known force in nature. As opposed to paranormal, the term ‘supernatural’ often connotes divine or demonic intervention.

 

Statistics - Mathematical techniques for analyzing and interpreting data.

 

Stigmata - Unexplained markings on a person's body that correspond to the wounds of Christ.

 

Survey - A method of data collection that involves interviewing (or giving questionnaires to) a representative and often large group of people.

 

Target object - In ESP, the object or event the subject attempts to perceive; in PK, the object or event the subject attempts to influence.

 

Telekinesis - Paranormal movement of objects.

 

Telepathy - The direct passing of information from one mind to another.

 

Teleportation - A kind of paranormal transportation in which an object is moved from one distinct location to another, often through a solid object such as a wall.

 

Temporal Lobe Activity - Electrical activity in the temporal lobes of the brain. Often associated with strange sensations, time distortions and hallucinations. Sometimes used as an explanation for seemingly paranormal experiences such as apparitions.

 

Thought form - An apparition produced by the power of the human mind.

 

Trance - A sleeplike state in which there is a change of consciousness.

 

Trial - In psi tests, a single attempt to demonstrate paranormal ability (e.g., one attempt to guess a card or one attempt to influence the fall of the dice).

 

Up Through Technique - An experimental test for clairvoyance in which the subject guesses the order of a stacked series of target symbols (cards) from bottom to top.

 

Vortex (vortice) - A photographed anomaly that appears as a funnel or rope-like image (sometimes creating a shadow) that is not seen at the time of the photograph that supposedly represents a 'ghost'. Other theories include; a collection of orbs, a 'gateway' to where orbs originate or travel to or a wormhole in time-space. No substantial evidence has been found for any of these theories.

 

White noise - A hiss-like sound, formed by compiling all audible frequencies (used in Ganzfield experiments).

 

Zener Cards - Set of 25 cards (5 each of circle, square, Greek cross, five-pointed star, three wavy lines) designed by the perceptual psychologist Karl Zener for use in card-guessing tests of ESP. (also known as ESP cards).

 

 

Приложение 4. Псевдонаучные термины гомеопатии

 

aggravation - a noticeable intensification of the disease symptoms previously observed. Often associated with the action of the correct homeopathic remedy. See aphorisms 157-161, 247-249, 280, 282 of the Organon.

 

antidote - a substance, or a remedy, that counteracts the effect of a homeopathic remedy. High temperatures are thought to antidote remedies. Mint is said to be an antidote of Natrum muriaticum. Many feel that coffee antidotes homeopathic remedies. When a person is reacting incorrectly to a homeopathic remedy, an antidote may be given to neutralize the effects.

 

cell salts (biochemic remedies, tissue salts) - a homeopathic physician, W.H. Schuessler, developed the Biochemic system using 12 different 'cell salts'. Schuessler felt these were fundamental to the proper function of the human body. Prepared in low potency(3x or 6x) and used based on homeopathic indications.

 

Centesimal - one of three potency scales used in homeopathic pharmacy. It was the first potency developed by Hahnemann. 1 part medicinal substance (dry or tincture), mixed with 99 parts diluent (lactose or alcohol), and then succussed (shaken), yields the 1c potency. Taking 1 part of that potency mixed with 99 parts diluent, then succussed, yields the 2c potency. This is continued until the desired potency is reached. A 200c has gone through this process 200 times. A 1M potency has gone through this process 1,000 times. The higher the potency, the stronger the stimulation of the vital force.

 

characteristic symptom - a symptom that is 'striking, strange, unusual, peculiar' in the case. Close attention is paid to characteristic symptoms as they must correspond to symptoms of the remedy if it is to cure. For example, burning pain better heat, or better lying on the painful side. See aphorism #153 of the Organon.