Псевдонаучная терминология: лингвостилистический и когнитивно-прагматический аспекты (на материале современного английского языка)

 

Greenwich Mean Time: Refers to time at the prime meridian at zero degrees longitude.

 

Heliocentric: A Sun centered perspective.

 

Horary astrology: A technique whereby a chart is cast for the exact date and time when a question first arises in ones mind or is asked of the astrologer. The astrologer studies this chart and synthesizes the factors based on certain horary rules in the hopes of finding an answer to a specific question, usually a yes or no type question.

 

Horary chart: A chart erected for the exact date and time a question is asked.

 

Horizon: In astrology, the eastern horizon is indicated by the sign and it's degree rising in the east. The horizon of any place is always 90 degrees below the Zenith. The equator is the horizon of the north and south poles.

 

Horoscope: Refers to the natal (birth) chart. A map of the planets positions at a particular date, time and place on Earth.

 

Houses: In astrology the "houses" describe the 12 divisions of a chart wheel and begins with the Ascendant (first house cusp). Each of the houses represent an area of life such as money, marriage, career and so on. Each house covers many areas, but astrologers usually stick with those meanings most common to the interest of most people. In Horary astrology, where a very specific answer is sought, then the astrologer is required to draw upon a larger scope of the various house meanings.

 

Imum Coeli: The meridian point opposite to the Medium Coeli.

 

Inconjunct: Another term for a quincunx aspect.

 

Ingress: This term refers the entry of a planet into a sign. It is commonly used to point out the Sun's yearly ingress into the four cardinals signs separating the seasons.

 

Intercepted signs: Intercepted signs are more common in charts where the birthplace is found in more extreme north and south latitudes versus latitudes found near the equator. . In the extreme latitudes a house will contain more than 30 degrees, and in this case we find an entire sign enclosed in it and therefore, without appearing on any actual cusp. Such a sign is called " intercepted." In the equal house system, intercepted signs in a chart cannot happen.

 

Karma: The law of cause and effect. A horoscope describes a person's karmic fortune as well as karmic debts and indicates the principles by which the karma may be met and dealt with in a lifetime.

 

Latitude: Geographical latitude is the distance north or south from the earth's equator measured at 90 degrees.

 

Luminaries: Refers to the Sun and the Moon. (The lights)

 

Local Mean Time: The true time at the city, state, country of birth. In order to find Local Mean Time, an astrologer must know the exact longitude of the birthplace and then add or subtract 4 minutes for each degree that the place deviates from the Standard Time Meridian.

 

Longitude: Longitude is expressed either in degrees or in time. Geographical longitude Is defined by the arc measured from the prime meridian at Greenwich, England to the meridian of a given place.

 

Lunar return: A type of predictive chart drawn up for the time the moon returns each month to the exact sign by degree, minute, and second as it was in at the precise date and time of a person's birth. At that point the forecast begins and continue for approximately one month.

 

Lunation: A term of 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes and 3 seconds during which time the moon will move from one conjunction to the Sun to the next.

Malefic: The malefic planets are considered to bestow an unlucky influence. Saturn is considered to be the greater malefic and Mars is the lesser malefic.

 

Medium Coeli: The Midheaven.

 

Meridian: This is the circle of longitude which passes through the poles of the heavens, through the Zenith above, the north point of the horizon and below, through the Nadir of the observer. At noon, the sun crosses the upper meridian. It crosses the lower meridian at midnight. The meridian coincides with geographical longitude. Every point on the face of the earth's has its own meridian or circle of longitude.

 

Midheaven: This is the great circle which extends out from the Zenith downward toward the equator, which crosses at right angles. The zodiac degree of the ecliptic which cuts across this great circle or meridian, establishes the midheaven of the chart. The midheaven depends upon the tilt of the ecliptic above the horizon and is changeable in its relationship to the ascendant. The apex of the midheaven is greater in summer when the sun is high in the sky than in the winter.

 

Midpoint: A mathematically calculated point that is the halfway point between two planets or between a planet and a house cusp. These points have their own interpretations which add another level of insight into a chart reading. Many astrologers are discovering that transits to these chart midpoints often trigger events also.

 

Mundane astrology: Mundane refers to the astrology of the world and is commonly used to refer to political astrology. The astrological study of major world events, countries, leaders, and people.

 

Mutable signs: The adaptable signs. Gemini, Virgo, Sagittarius and Pisces.

 

Mutual reception: Whenever two planets are positioned in each other's signs they are said to be in mutual reception and read as though they were conjunct. For example: if Mars were in Taurus and Venus were in Aries they would be said to be in mutual reception.

 

Nadir: The point which is opposite of the Zenith.

 

Natal chart: A birth horoscope. Nativity.

 

Natural chart: A horoscope that places Aries on the first house cusp with the rest of the signs following in natural zodiacal order.

 

Night houses: The six houses of a horoscope which are below the chart horizon (horizontal line dividing the wheel).

 

Nodes: The position at which the orbits of the moon or other planets cross the ecliptic. Planetary nodes do not move much more than a degree in a one hundred years. The moon's nodes are usually the most common ones followed by astrologers. They are commonly referred to as, the North Node and the South Node. The Moon's node are also sometimes called the Dragons Head and Dragons Tail. Since the Sun and the Earth never cross the ecliptic, these bodies have no nodes.

 

Nonagesimal: 90 degrees from the ascendant. The most elevated point of the ecliptic above the horizon. In an equal house system, the Nonagesimal would be the cusp of the 10th house.

 

Orb: A sphere of influence within which a planet or aspect is considered to exert an influence. The size of orbs vary according to the aspect and are often subject to the opinion of a particular astrologer.

 

Part of Fortune: A mathematically calculated point and not an actual heavenly body. It is found by adding the longitude of the Moon to the longitude of the Ascendant and then subtracting the longitude of the Sun. There many other Arabic Parts each with it's own particular calculation.

 

Planet: In astrology a planet refers to the heavenly bodies Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto and includes for purposes of understanding the Sun and Moon, even though the Sun and Moon are not really planets. Those bodies that appear to have motion of their own among the fixed stars and whose positions are drawn up in an astrology chart.

 

Precession of the Equinoxes: Refers to the slow movement of the Vernal Equinox in a backward motion in relation to the constellations which make up the sidereal zodiac.

 

Progressed horoscope: (secondary progressions) While viewing the date of birth for an individual in an ephemeris, one would count forward the number of days equal to the persons age at the time the reading is desired. Each day is supposed to represent one year of life for the individual. A special chart is calculated for that date and any changes in planets in signs and the aspects formed therein are read as an indicator of possible events and modified attitudes for the person. There are several different methods of progressing a chart with the Day for a Year being the most widely accepted.

 

Progressions: Refers to the various systems of astrological prediction based upon the "moving forward" of the planetary patterns shown in the birth chart. Progressions are shown by the movements of the planets and house cusps for a chosen number of days after the birth of a person. The various types are; primary, secondary and tertiary.

 

Quadruplicities: (a.k.a. Qualities or Modes) A division of the zodiac into 3 groups of four signs at right angles to one another. These formations are called Cardinal, Fixed, and Mutable. Each group contains one sign of each of the 4 elements.

 

Radix: a natal chart.

 

Rectification: When a person does not know their clock time of birth, an astrologer may try to determine the precise time by adjusting the wheel of the houses in order to make the various transits, and progressions match up with known dates of events in the person's life.

 

Retrograde Motion: This is an apparent movement backward in the zodiac, although in reality, this retrograde motion is an illusion created by the changing placements of the earth and the planets in correlation to each other. In the ephemeris, a planet that is in retrograde motion is shown by the symbol RX. The Sun and Moon do not retrograde.

 

Right Ascension: This is a measurement moving eastward along the celestial equator.

 

Rising planet: A planet considered to be close to the ascendant. As with all else in astrology the deciding number of degrees will vary by astrologer, but within 5 degrees on either side of the Ascendant cusp being a widely accepted orb.

 

Rising sign: See "Ascendant"

 

Ruling planet: The planet, which according to astrology is the "ruler" of the sign on the Ascendant. For example: If Leo where the sign on the Ascendant then the chart ruling planet would be the Sun.

 

Sextile: A 60 degree aspect considered to signify opportunity.

 

Sidereal time: time reckoned by the stars. This is a time system based on the true period of the earth's rotation on its axis. At any moment the sidereal time is different for two meridians, but is unaffected by the latitude. From the measurement of locals Sidereal Time, a person can find the culminating degree of the ecliptic or midheaven in the Table of Houses. The ascendant and house cusps are then listed according to the latitude of the birthplace.

 

Sidereal zodiac: The constellations.

 

Signs: the names of the signs are Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius and Pisces. Each sign of the zodiac is equal to a 30 degrees. Signs are determined from the point where the Sun crosses the celestial equator at zero degrees Aries around March 21st of each year. The rest of the signs follow in natural order.

 

Solar return: A type of predictive chart drawn up for the time the Sun returns each year to the exact sign by degree, minute, and second as it was at the precise date and time of a person's birth. At that time the forecast begins and continues for one entire year.

 

Solar chart: (a.k.a. Sun-on-the-Ascendant chart) A chart in which the sign and the degrees of the Sun at the time of birth are used as an artificial Ascendant when the event clock time or birth clock time is not known. So, if on the date of birth the Sun was at 3 degrees Virgo, then the "Ascendant would be 3 degrees Virgo, which naturally places the Sun directly on the first house cusp.

 

Solstice: The sun appears to stand still at the summer solstice marked by 0 degrees Cancer and then again at the winter solstice marked by 0 degrees Capricorn. The solstices mark the beginning of summer and winter.

 

Square: A 90 degree aspect considered to be stressful and challenging.

 

Standard time: Clock time measurement which changes each hour as one moves east or west across standard time zones.

 

Standard Time Zones: 15 degree areas of longitude equal to one hour and designated as a number of hours either earlier or later than Greenwich Mean Time.

 

Stationary: When a planet's motion go from direct to retrograde or from retrograde to direct, there is a period of time when it appears to be motionless. The Sun and Moon are not ever stationary.

 

Stellium: A conjunction involving at least 3 or 4 planets.

 

Succedent houses: The 2nd, 6th, 8th and 11th houses. These also correspond to the fixed signs.

 

Sun sign: The zodiac sign which the sun occupies. Sun signs are determined by knowing the date of birth. Sun signs are the basis of most commercial daily horoscopes.

 

Synastry: The comparisons made between two or more charts with regarding the individuals involved. Relationship astrology.

 

Synthesis: The art of combining the various factors revealed in a horoscope analysis The ability to blend all of the various factors in a horoscope in order to execute a balanced reading of the entire chart.

 

Tables of Diurnal Planetary Motion: Tables for looking up the distance a planet has traveled in a given time period.

 

Transit: The current passage of a planet over a point in the natal chart.

 

Trine: A 120 degree aspect considered to be harmonious and without restriction.

 

Tropical zodiac: The zodiac signs Aries to Pisces.

 

Universal Time: Another term for Greenwich Mean Time usually when the GMT is calculated from midnight.

 

Vertex: The Vertex is defined by the intersecting point of the prime vertical and the ecliptic in a western direction.

 

Void of Course: When the Moon or a planet forms it's last aspect to another body before leaving a sign.

 

War Time: In the United States during times of war, Daylight Saving Time was called War Time. During times of war In the UK, Double Summertime was also called War Time.

 

Water signs: The emotional, sensitive signs. Cancer, Scorpio, and Pisces.

 

Zenith: The point on the Meridian which is directly overhead.

Drawn from anywhere on earth to its Zenith is always vertical to the plane of it's horizon. The Zenith is sometimes confused with the Midheaven.

 

Zodiac: The 12 divisions of the sky which are measured along the belt of the ecliptic and enclosing a distance of about 9 degrees on either side.

 

 

Приложение 3. Псевдонаучные термины парапсихологии

 

Agent - (1) Person who attempts to communicate information to another in an ESP experiment. (2) The subject in a psychokinesis experiment. (3) Person who is the focus of poltergeist activity.

 

Alpha Rhythm - Electrical activity in the brain (about 10 cycles per second) associated with a state of mental relaxation.

 

Altered State of Consciousness (ASC) - A term used to refer to any state of consciousness that is different from "normal" states of waking or sleeping. ASCs include hypnosis, trance, ecstasy, psychedelic and meditative experience. ASCs do not necessarily have paranormal features.

Apparition - The visual appearance of a person whose physical body is not present.

 

 

Apport / Asport - An apport is a solid object that seemingly appears from nowhere in the presence of a medium. Asport is any object the ‘spirits’ or medium makes disappear or teleports to another location.

 

Astral body - The body a person seems to occupy during an out-of-body experience.

 

Astral plane - A world some people believe exists above the physical world.

 

Astral projection - An out-of-body experience.

 

Astrology - A theory and practice which attempts to identify the ways in which astronomical events are correlated with events on earth.

 

Aura - A field that some psychics see surrounding the living body.

 

Automatic writing - Writing without being aware of the contents, as when a medium apparently transcribes written messages from disembodied spirits.

 

Automatism - Any unconscious and spontaneous muscular movement caused by ‘the spirits’. (Automatic writing).

 

Autoscopy - Seeing one's 'double', or looking back at one's own body from a position outside the body (OBE).

 

Bilocation - Being (or appearing to be) in two different places at the same time (similar to autoscopy).

 

Call - Response made by a subject in a card-guessing or other ESP test.

 

Card Guessing - An experimental test for ESP in which subjects guess the identity of a set of cards.

 

Case study - An in-depth investigation of an individual subject.

 

Cerebral Anoxia - Lack of oxygen to the brain, often causing sensory distortions and hallucinations. Sometimes used to explain features of the near-death experience.

 

Channeling - The process by which a medium apparently allows a spirit to communicate through his or her person.

 

Clairaudience - Auditory form of ESP (compare with Clairvoyance).

 

Clairsentience - Physical sensations (or smell) form of ESP. Sometimes used as a general term for clairvoyance and clairaudience.

 

Clairvoyance - A subset of ESP. The viewing of distant scenes not apparent to the eye, may appear externally - either replacing the normal visual scene (visions) or being incorporated into it (as could be the case with apparitions) - or internally, in the form of mental imagery and intuition.

 

Closed Deck - A set of cards used in a card-guessing test where each card appears a fixed number of times. Statistical analysis of research data using a closed deck differs from statistical analysis of data using an open-deck.

 

Cold reading - A technique using a series of general statements, questions, and answers that allows fake mediums, mind-readers, and magicians to obtain previously unknown information about a person. (Reader has no prior knowledge).

 

Collective apparition - An unusual type of ‘ghost’ sighting in which more than one person sees the same phenomenon.

 

Control - In experimental parapsychology a procedure undertaken in order to ensure that the experiment is conducted in a standard fashion and so that results are not unduly influenced by extraneous factors.

 

Control Group - A group of people whose performance is compared with that of experimental subjects.

 

Correlation - An association between two or more events or variables.

 

Correlation Coefficient - A mathematical index of the degree of association between two or more measures.

 

Crisis apparition - An apparition seen when the subject is at the point of death or is the victim of a serious illness or injury.

 

Cross-correspondences - Interrelated bits of information received from ‘the spirit world’ by different mediums at different times and locations. The communications must be joined together to form a complete message from ‘the spirit(s)’.

 

DAT - Decision Augmentation Theory. An attempt to reconceptualize PK as a precognition-based selection process rather than one of actual influence.

 

Decline Effect - A decrease in performance on a psi test when the test is repeated.

 

Déjà vu - The feeling of having experienced something before.

 

Dice Test - Experimental techniques for investigating psychokinesis, in which a subject attempts to influence the fall of dice.

 

Direct voice phenomenon (DVP) - A ‘spirit’ voice, spoken directly to sitters at a seance. The sound usually seems to come from a point near the medium, or through a spirit horn or trumpet, but not from the mouth of the medium.

 

Displacement - Responses on a psi test that correspond systematically to targets other than the intended one (those before or after).

 

Dissociation - Activity performed outside of normal conscious awareness, or mental processes that suggest the existence of separate centers of consciousness.

 

DMILS - Direct Mental Interaction with Living Systems. Used to denote instances where one person is attempting to influence a distant biological system, usually the physiology of another person. As it is unclear whether this represents an influence (PK), a case of ESP on the part of the influence, or an opportunistic selection process (see DAT), the term ‘interaction’ has been adopted.

 

Doppelganger - A mirror image or double of a person.

 

Double Blind - An experimental procedure in which neither the subject nor experimenter is aware of key features of the experiment.

 

Down Through Technique (DT) - An experimental test for clairvoyance in which the person guesses the order of a stacked series of target symbols (cards) from top to bottom. (opposite of up through technique).