IMO Conventions

Compress the area with an elastic wrap or bandage. Compressive wraps or sleeves made from elastic or neoprene are best.

Elevate the injured limb above your heart whenever possible to help prevent or limit swelling.

 

After two days, gently begin using the injured area. You should feel a gradual, progressive improvement. Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others) and acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), may be helpful to manage pain during the healing process.

 

See your doctor if your sprain isn't improving after two or three days.

 

Get emergency medical assistance if:

You're unable to bear weight on the injured leg, the joint feels unstable or numb, or you can't use the joint. This may mean the ligament was completely torn. On the way to the doctor, apply a cold pack.

You develop redness or red streaks that spread out from the injured area. This means you may have an infection.

You have re-injured an area that has been injured a number of times in the past.

You have a severe sprain. Inadequate or delayed treatment may contribute to long-term joint instability or chronic pain.

 

A strain is a stretched or torn muscle or tendon. Tendons are tissues that connect muscle to bone. Twisting or pulling these tissues can cause a strain. Strains can happen suddenly or develop over time. Back and hamstring muscle strains are common. Many people get strains playing sports. Symptoms include pain, muscle spasms, swelling and trouble moving the muscle.

 

At first, treatment of both sprains and strains usually involves resting the injured area, icing it, wearing a bandage or device that compresses the area, and medicines. Later treatment might include exercise and physical therapy.

 

 

A strain is when a muscle becomes overstretched and tears. This painful injury, also called a "pulled muscle," can be caused by an accident, improper use of a muscle, or overuse of a muscle.

 

Causes

A strain may be caused by:

Excessive physical activity or effort

Improperly warming up before a physical activity

Poor flexibility

 

Symptoms

Symptoms of a strain can include:

Pain and difficulty moving the injured muscle

Discolored and bruised skin

Swelling

 

First Aid

Apply ice immediately to reduce swelling. Wrap the ice in cloth. Do not place it directly on the skin. Apply ice for 10 to 15 minutes every 1 hour for the first day. Then, every 3 to 4 hours.

Use ice for the first 3 days. After that, either heat or ice may be helpful.

Rest the pulled muscle for at least a day. If possible, keep the pulled muscle raised about your heart.

Avoid using a strained muscle while it is still painful. When the pain starts to go away, you can slowly increase activity.

 

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call your local emergency number, such as 911, if:

You are unable to move the muscle.

The injury is bleeding.

Call your doctor if the pain does not go away after several weeks.

 

Prevention

The following tips may help you reduce your risk of a strain:

Warm-up properly before exercise and sports.

Keep your muscles strong and flexible.

 

Unit 5.

 

Fire fighting on board.

 

Lesson 1.

 

1. Translate the following words and word combinations.

To be seen in broader sense, high percentage, accommodations, coexist, to cope with, to escape, wrong rescue methods, abandonment of the ship.

 

2. Read and translate the text.

      Fire and Flooding are the two potential hazards in ships. Fire fighting needs to be seen in broader sense in terms of fire, fire prevention, fire detection and fire fighting.

       Fire on board ship is one of the most serious risks for property and persons, as well as for the surrounding environment.  A ship is evidently subject to the same risks with regard to fire as the civil or industrial land structure. On board ship there are tons of liquid fuel, electrical equipment, air-conditioning plants, engines, boilers, stores of flammable material and crew accommodation areas (kitchen, mess rooms, lounges, cabins, WCs). To all this we must add the load which in cargo vessels consists of high percentage of solid and liquid goods that are flammable or at least combustible, and often of the dangerous nature. In passenger ships the load consists of accommodations entertainment facilities for the passengers and, in ferries, of a large garage for motor vehicles. Offshore rigs and tanker storage ships are essentially oil plants.

       A ship, however, by its very nature, is bound to spend the greatest part of its working life at sea, where in the event of fire difficulties related to the meteorological and maritime environment coexist with the need to cope with the emergency, in conditions of limited space and without the possibility of immediate assistance in terms of personnel or facilities to combat the fire and to assist casualties, who may be burned, poisoned or traumatized.

       Thus a fire on board ship during navigation represents an extremely high-risk situation which may cause physical harm or death to passengers and loss of the ship or considerable damage to its structures and equipment. Furthermore, when the ship is carrying mineral oils, chemical or gas products, gases will certainly escape into the atmosphere and very probably liquids and solids harmful to the environment will be split into the sea. When the ship is unable to maneuver because of the damage, it has sustained, especially in narrow waters, it may run aground so that mineral oils from the ship’s fuel or the cargo are split into the sea. When the wrong rescue methods are employed, for example, indiscriminate use of large quantities of water, the ship may be lost as the result of instability, and not because of the fire.

In recent years, as IMO has taken up new wide-ranging initiatives to address such issues as the role of the human element in maritime safety, safety management systems, the development of ever-larger passenger ships, and most recently, maritime security, there has been a continuing need for development of technical standards in support of those initiatives.

ISO frees IMO.

       This is where ISO/TC 8, Ships and marine technology, steps in. As the recognized single point of contact between ISO and IMO, the ISO/TC 8 and its subcommittees focus primarily on development of International Standards in support of IMO. TC 8/SC 1, Life-saving and fire protection, in particular supports the IMO subcommittees on ship design & equipment, and fire protection. In addition to allowing greater engagement in the process by the affected industries, and greater consideration of market factors, development of needed detailed technical standards

within ISO frees IMO to concentrate its resources on adoption of high-level international legislation.  A premise of IMO regulations governing ship stability and fire protection is that a ship should be its own best lifeboat.  But there are sometimes situations where abandonment of the ship is unavoidable. Obviously, the egress of perhaps thousands of passengers distributed

throughout a large ship with many decks, potentially through smoke-filled passage-

ways, to assembly stations for lifeboats and life rafts is a daunting task.

       This requires the ship designer to give careful consideration to the layout and marking of the ship and its escape routes, which can be complicated by common design features of modern ships such as large, open atriums spanning numerous decks, and the variety of languages spoken by both passengers and crew.  Several standards providing guidance in this process have been developed or are under development by TC 8/SC 1/WG 3, Fire protection.  ISO 15731, Ships

and marine technology – Low location  lighting on passenger ships – Arrangement specifies performance, installation, and maintenance of low-location lighting systems used to provide way guidance in smoke-filled conditions, and has been implemented internationally in IMO instruments.

Vocabulary.

offshore rig – морская буровая установка

indiscriminate – беспорядочный, смешанный

egress - эвакуация

a daunting task – чрезвычайно трудная задача

layout – план, планировка

engagement – встреча, обязательство, договоренность

spanning - соединяющие

to step in –  вмешиваться

ISO – International Organization for Standardization

TC – Technical Committee

WG – Working Group

 

3. Answer the following questions.

1. What sense does the term fire fighting mean?

2. What dangerous things on board ships may cause the fire?

3. Why is it difficult to cope with the emergency on board a ship?

4. When can mineral oils from the ship’s fuel or cargo split into the sea?

5. What initiative has IMO taken up in recent years?

6. What subcommittees of IMO are supported by ISO?

7. What resources does ISO free IMO to concentrate on?

8. What can the ship’s layout and marking be complicated by?

 

4. Compose the sentences.

1. Fire and flooding are … 2. Fire on board ship is a risk for … 3. Fire on board ship represents … 4. When the wrong rescue methods are employed … 5. ISO/TC 8 focuses on … 6. A premise of IMO regulations is … 7. The ship designer should give carful consideration to …

a) …the ship may be lost as the result of instability and not because of the fire. b) … an extremely high-risk situation. c) … that a ship should be its own best lifeboat. d) …the two potential hazards on ships. e) …development of international standards in supporting of IMO. f) … property, persons and surrounding environment. h) … the greatest part of its working life at sea.

 

5. Translate into Russian the following word combinations. Compose your own sentences with them.

Potential hazard, fire fighting, fire protection, fire detection,  risk for property and persons, air-conditioning plants, stores of flammable material, high percentage, tanker storage ships, to cope with the emergency, the possibility of immediate assistance, the wrong rescue methods.

 

6. Define the meanings of following terms.

1. Fire fighting.
2. Fire Prevention.
3. Fire detection.

1. It is a function of many fire departments. Its goal is to educate the public to take precautions to prevent potentially harmful fires, and be educated about surviving them. It is a proactive method of reducing emergencies and the damage caused by them.

2. It is the early warning of fire. Its objective is to rapidly detect a fire where personnel, high value and critical equipment may be involved. Once detected, executive action is initiated to alert personnel for evacuation while simultaneously controlling and suppressing the fire. 
3. It is the act of extinguishing fires. It is an attempt to minimize injury or loss of life, or damage to property, caused by a fire, either by extinguishing the fire or ensuring its containment.

 

7. Learn by heart the following IMO standard marine communication phrases about fire protection and fire fighting.

Пожар, взрыв                                                Fire, explosion

 

У меня/На т/х ... пожар (после                      I am/MV ... on fire (- after

взрыва).                                                           explosion).

 

Где пожар?                                                      Where is the fire?

Пожар                                                              Fire is

~ на палубе.                                                     ~ on deck.

~ в машинном отделении.                             ~ in engine-room.

~ в трюме(ах).                                                 ~ in hold(s).

~ в надстройке/жилом помещении               ~ in superstructure/accommodation                                             

 

Горят ли опасные грузы?                             Are dangerous goods on fire?

Да, опасные грузы горят.                             Yes, dangerous goods are on fire.

Нет, опасные  грузы не горят.                       No, dangerous goods are not on fire. 

 

Есть ли опасность взрыва?                          Is there danger of explosion?

Да, есть опасность  взрыва.                          Yes, danger of explosion.

Нет опасности взрыва.                                  No danger of explosion.

 

Я лишен возможности  управляться.           I am not under command.

Т/х ... лишен  возможности                           MV ... is not under command.

управляться.  

 

Справляетесь  ли с пожаром?                       Is the fire under control?

Да, с пожаром  справляюсь.                         Yes, fire is under control.

Нет, с пожаром  не справляюсь.                   No, fire is not under control. 

 

Какая помощь требуется?                           What kind of assistance is required?

Мне/Т/х ... помощь не требуется.               I do not/MV ... does not require assistance.

Мне/Т/х ... требуется                                   I require/MV ... requires

~ помощь в тушении пожара.                     ~ fire fighting assistance.

~ дыхательные аппараты - дым                  ~ breathing apparatus - smoke is toxic.

токсичный.                                                         

~ пенные огнетушители/углекислотные     ~ foam extinguishers/CO2 extinguishers.

огнетушители.                          

~ пожарные  насосы.                                     ~ fire pumps.

~ медицинская  помощь                                ~ medical assistance  

 

Сообщите  о пострадавших.                         Report injured persons.

Пострадавших нет.                                       No persons injure

Число пострадавших/погибших:... .            Number of injured persons/casualties:...

 

Проверить исправность электрического     Check the electrical lighting and report.

освещения и  доложить.

Электрическое освещение исправно.          The electrical lighting is operational.

Электрическое освещение в …                    The electrical lighting in … is not operational.

еще не действует.

Электрическое освещение в … будет         The electrical lighting in … will be

исправлено через … минут.                          operational in … minutes.

Включить/выключить эл. освещение.         Switch on/off the electrical lighting in …

Проверить аварийное электропитание        Check the emergency power supply and report.

и доложить.

Система аварийного электропитания          The emergency power supply is operational.

исправна.

Система аварийного электропитания          The emergency power supply is not operational

еще не исправна.                                            (yet).

Система аварийного электропитания          The emergency power supply will be operational

будет введена  в строй через … минут.        in … minutes.

                                                                                 

8.  Translate into English.

В результате возникновения  пожаров на судах наносится ущерб  имуществу, сгорают жилые и служебные  помещения, гибнут люди от огня в  задымленных помещениях, и, в особо тяжких случаях, гибнет судно.

Пожары на судах происходят от:

-        неосторожного обращения с открытым огнем, нагревательными приборами, от курения;

-        неисправности электрокабелей, электрооборудования, освещения, нарушения правил эксплуатации судовых механизмов;

-        попадания топлива на раскаленные и горячие поверхности механизмов, выхлопных трубопроводов;

-        искрообразования при работе котлов, камбузов и при ударах;

-        воспламенения горючих газов и паров нефтепродуктов;

-        нарушения правил производства сварочных работ;

-        разрядов статического и атмосферного электричества;

-        самовозгорания и самовоспламенения грузов;

-        смешения несовместимых опасных грузов

Значительную опасность  для возникновения и развития пожара, представляют собой горючие  материалы, входящие в судовое снабжение (лаки, краски, растворители, карбид и  др.). При погрузке их на судно и  хранении в кладовых необходимо соблюдать  требования совместимости. Например: - горючие жидкости не должны храниться  вместе  с окислителями и сильными кислотами.