IMO Conventions

 

Home task.

1. Translate the following word combinations.

Negligence and irresponsibility, authorized personnel, escape for people on the board, building materials, chemical extinguisher of foam type, Fire extinguishers, fire-fighting power, combustible materials, flammable liquids, approximate number, extinguishing agent, immediate measures, external help, breathing apparatus.

 

2. Read and translate the text.

Fire on board.

       Most accidents happen because of negligence and irresponsibility. Authorized personnel aboard the ship should initiate making rounds to inspect all the sections of the ship. Everybody on board should not ignore the importance of constantly being alert to ensure everybody else's safety, as well as the safety of the entire vessel afloat.

Very special care is taken to prevent fire on ships at sea, where cargo may burn together and escape for people on the board may be impossible. The authorities make rules about building materials may be used for building, how to prevent fire.

How to extinguish the fire? It depends on the situation. An oil fire must be extinguished with CO2 or chemical extinguisher of foam type if available. Small fire may be smoothed with sand. Never throw water on an oil fire, or on the burning electric equipment.

All the extinguishers should be tested in a proper time. Every member of the crew must be ready to use the extinguisher.

        Fire extinguishers are divided into four categories, based on different types of fires. Each fire extinguisher also has a numerical rating that serves as a guide for the amount of fire the extinguisher can handle. The higher the number, the more fire-fighting power. The following is a quick guide to help choose the right type of extinguisher.  

Class A extinguishers are for ordinary combustible materials such as paper, wood, cardboard, and most plastics. The numerical rating on these types of extinguishers indicates the amount of water it holds and the amount of fire it can extinguish.

Class B fires involve flammable or combustible liquids such as gasoline, kerosene, grease and oil. The numerical rating for class B extinguishers indicates the approximate number of square feet of fire it can extinguish.

Class C fires involve electrical equipment, such as appliances, wiring, circuit breakers and outlets. Never use water to extinguish class C fires - the risk of electrical shock is far too great! Class C extinguishers do not have a numerical rating. The C classification means the extinguishing agent is non-conductive.

Class D fire extinguishers are commonly found in a chemical laboratory. They are for fires that involve combustible metals, such as magnesium, titanium, potassium and sodium. These types of extinguishers also have no numerical rating, nor are they given a multi-purpose rating - they are designed for class D fires only.

       On board personnel can put out minor fire accident using portable and installed equipment. However, immediate measures such as calling for external help and assistance and informing nearby ships.

       Fire fighting operations on a ship is tough. A team will have to run up and down narrow stairways and corridors. In some cases, when fire originates from the lower interior of the ship, the fire brigade will have to deal with spreading heat and stifling smoke while going down. Hence, wearing of self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) is important to avoid suffocation and imminent death from inhalation of toxic fumes and gases.

       Medical help should be at hand, and transportation of everyone on board, injured or not, should be considered if fire impends to spread uncontrollably. Severe cases of fire disaster should prompt immediate evacuation of all crew and passengers. Only trained and professional firefighters should remain on board. This is gravely important. Some people may want to get back to their cabins in the hope of going back for important belongings. They must not be allowed to enter the hazardous zone.

       Furthermore, fire fighting is tough and should only be done by trained personnel with the appropriate fire fighting equipment.

Vocabulary.

Negligence –  небрежность, халатность

make rounds –  делать обходы

numerical rating – нумерологический показатель

tough – неистовый, яростный

originate - брать начало, происходить, возникать

the lower interior – более низкая внутренняя часть

stifling smoke – удушающий дым

suffocation – удушение, удушье

imminent death – неминуемая смерть

inhalation - вдыхание

fire impend – угроза, опасность огня

belongings – имущество, собственность

hazardous zone – опасная, рискованная зона

 

3. Compose the word combinations using given words from right and left columns and translate them into Russian.

Authorized Special Building Fire Numerical Combustible Flammable Electrical Non-conductive Portable Immediate External Fire fighting Spreading Stifling Breathing Toxic Imminent Medical To spread Fire Immediate Trained hazardous

a)    shock b)    heat c)    measures d)    evacuation e)    assistance f)    apparatus g)    help h)    care i)    agent j)    personnel k)    fire fighters l)     equipment m)   uncontrollably  n)    rating o)    death p)    extinguisher q)    zone r)    smoke s)    disaster (incident) t)    materials u)    operation v)    fumes w)    liquids x)    metal

 

  4.    Answer the questions.

1. Why do most accidents happen?

2. What should authorized personnel aboard the ship do to inspect all the sections of the ship?

3. Why is very special care taken to prevent fire on ships at sea?

4. What methods of fire extinguishing can you name?

5. How are fire extinguishers classified?

6. What do they differ by?

7. What is the aim of numerical rating of a fire extinguisher?

8. Describe extinguishers of different classes.

9. What types of fire can they extinguish?

10. What equipment can ship’s personnel use to extinguish the minor fire accident?

11. Why is fire on ships is so tough?

 

5.  Match the classes of fire with their characteristics.

1. Class A fire. (General fire)
2. Class b fire. (Oil fire)
3. Class C fire. (Electrical fire)
4. Class D fire. (Chemical fire)

1. Extinguishers of this class of fire are commonly found in a chemical laboratory.

2. This fire involve flammable or combustible liquids such as gasoline, kerosene, grease and oil.
3. Extinguishers of this class of fire do not have a numerical rating.
4. Extinguishers of this class of fire are for ordinary combustible materials such as paper, wood, cardboard, and most plastics.
5. Never use water to extinguish this class of fires.
6. The numerical rating for this class of fire extinguishers indicates the approximate number of square feet of fire it can extinguish.
7. The numerical rating for this class of fire  extinguishers indicates the approximate number of square feet of fire it can extinguish.
8. This class of fire involve combustible metals, such as magnesium, titanium, potassium and sodium.
9. The extinguishing agent is non-conductive in extinguishers for this class of fire.
10. The numerical rating on extinguishers for this class of fire indicates the amount of water it holds and the amount of fire it can extinguish.

 

6. Restore and retell the part from the text about classes of fires. Insert the following missing words and word combination.

A numerical rating, electrical shock, combustible liquids, chemical, categories, the number, water, square feet, fires, combustible, multi-purpose rating, fire fighting, fire, water, extinguish, non-conductive, the extinguisher.

 

     Fire extinguishers are divided into four_____, based on different types of _____. Each fire _____ also has _____ _____ that serves as a guide for the amount of fire _____can handle. The higher _____ the more _____ _____ power. The following is a quick guide to help choose the right type of extinguisher.  

     Class A extinguishers are for ordinary _____ materials such as paper, wood, cardboard, and most plastics. The numerical rating on these types of extinguishers indicates the amount of_____ it holds and the amount of _____ it can extinguish.

     Class B fires involve flammable or _____ _____ such as gasoline, kerosene, grease and oil. The numerical rating for class B extinguishers indicates the approximate number of _____ _____ of fire it can extinguish.

     Class C fires involve electrical equipment, such as appliances, wiring, circuit breakers and outlets. Never use _____ to extinguish class C fires - the risk of _____ _____  is far too great!      Class C extinguishers do not have a numerical rating. The C classification means the extinguishing agent is _____.

     Class D fire extinguishers are commonly found in a _____ laboratory. They are for fires that involve combustible metals, such as magnesium, titanium, potassium and sodium. These types of extinguishers also have no numerical rating, nor are they given a _____ _____ _____ - they are designed for class D fires only.

 

7. Remember the following information about types of fires.

ISO Standard 3941  NFPA 10

Class A:  Fires involving solid materials, usually of an organic nature, in which combustion normally takes place with the formation of glowing embers Class B:  Fires involving liquids or liquefiable solids.     Class C:  Fires involving gases.           Class D: Fires involving metals.

Class A:  Fires in ordinary combustible materials, such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber and many plastics. Class B:  Fires in flammable liquids, oils, greases, tars, oil-based paints, lacquers and flammable gases. Class C:  Fires which involve energized electrical equipment where the electrical non-conductivity of the extinguishing medium is of importance. Class D:  Fires in combustible metals, such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium, lithium and potassium.

 

8. Translate into English.

1. Часто пожар  на борту судна происходит  из-за небрежности и безответственности  членов экипажа.

2. На борту  судна находятся тоны горючего  материала, разнообразное электрическое  оборудование, установки конденционирования  воздуха и т.д., что повышает  риск пожара.

3. Особое  внимание следует уделять предупреждению  пожара.

4. Методы тушения пожаров отрабатываются на учениях согласно расписанию по тревогам.

5. Тушение  пожара рекомендуется осуществлять, в следующем порядке:

-прекратить  доступ горючих веществ в очаг  пожара;

-изолировать  очаг пожара от доступа воздуха; 

-охладить  горючие вещества до температуры,  которая ниже температуры воспламенения  их газов; 

6. При тушении  пожара необходимо учитывать:

-возникновение  угрозы отравления людей; особенно  при тушении горящих химикатов; 

-возможность  проникновения ядовитых и отравляющих  газов в соседние помещения; 

-отсутствие  примеси пара в дыму при  тушении пожара водой (вода  не достигает очага пожара).

 

Lesson 2.

 

1. Find the Russian equivalents of following English words.

Useful                                                   испарение топлива

Uncontrolled fire                                  питать огонь     

Fire Triangle                                         самопитающий огонь

To vaporize                                           процесс горения

To feed a fire                                        полезный

The initial fuel source                          температура возгорания

Fuel vapour                                          испаряться                             

The combustion process                      неконтролируемый огонь

Ignition temperature                            первичный источник топлива

Self-supporting fire                             треугольник огня  

 

2.        Read and translate the text about fires.              

Fire.

Controlled fire is used in our day to day lives for useful purposes. Only uncontrolled fire is dangerous which can cause damage to ship’s crew and ship. A combination of three elements (air, fuel and heat) causes fire to take place. This can be easily understood by looking at the Fire Triangle given below:

•  Fuel – to vaporize and burn

Fuel is necessary to feed a fire, and without fuel, the combustion process will terminate.  The fuel molecules involved in a fire must be in the vapor (gas) state.  However, the initial fuel source may be in a solid, liquid or gaseous state.  Many examples of each type of these fuels can be found onboard a vessel.  

•  Oxygen – to combine with fuel vapor

Because the combustion process involves the oxidation  of the fuel molecules, the availability of

oxygen is vital for the process to exist.  Accordingly, the second side of the fire triangle refers to the oxygen content in the surrounding air.  Air normally contains about 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen and 1% other gases, principally argon, and therefore, sufficient oxygen is typically available unless some type of controlled atmosphere (i.e., inerted, etc.) is involved. 

•  Heat – to raise the temperature of the fuel vapor to its ignition temperature

For fuel molecules to undergo the oxidation process and result in a self-supporting fire, the molecules must be at elevated temperatures (i.e., ignition temperature).  Without this elevated temperature, there will be no rapid oxidation or combustion of the fuel molecules.  Further, the generation of additional fuel vapors is largely dependent upon feedback radiant heating of the fuel, except for gaseous fuels.  Therefore, heat is the third side of the fire triangle.  The production of energy from the initial reaction tends to raise the temperature of other molecules to the necessary elevated temperatures and tends to create the self-supporting nature of fire.

Vocabulary.

The oxidation - окисление

Vital – жизненно важный, необходимый

Nitrogen - азот

Feedback – обратная связь

Radiant heating – излучающее тепло