Исследование способов выражения значения причины в художественном тексте

2) As – так как: He offered to accompany her, as the distance was considerable and the days were short (Th. Hardy).

3) Since – так как: At first they were shy, and since Charley was shy too, they sat in silence (S. Maugham) [1, 406].

     И. М. Берман выделяет следующие союзы, которые могут служить признаком  начала придаточных предложений причины:

1) Because – потому что, так как: I am late because I have been held up by the traffic.

2) As –  так как: As it is wet, we shall stay at home.

3) For – так как, ибо: Left alone in the room, he dozed, for he was very tired.

4) Since –  поскольку, так как: Since he gave her free choice she selected Bernard Shaw for her report.

5) Now that – (теперь) когда, поскольку: Now that you are here, let’s discuss our plan. [3, 250-251].

     К.Н. Качалова полагает, что придаточные  предложения причины соединяются с главным предложением союзами:

1) Because – потому что: I went away because there was no one there.

2) As – так как: As there were no porters, we had to carry the luggage ourselves.

3) Since –  так как: Since you have finished your work, you may go home.

4) Now that – теперь когда, поскольку: Now that he is here, he can help you.

5) For –  так как, ибо: he walked quickly for he was in a great hurry.

     Следует обратить внимание на то, что сочетание теперь когда переводится на английский язык now that (а не: now  when). That часто опускается: Now he is here, he can help you. [15, 433].

     Очевидно, что все из перечисленных авторов  выделяют следующие союзы: as, since и because. Однако К.Н. Качалова и И.М. Берман выделяют еще и такие союзы, как: for и now that.

     Здесь необходимо обратить внимание на особую проблему, связанную с союзом for. Во многих случаях, этот союз аналогичен по значению союзу because, но зачастую невозможно точно сказать, являются ли предложения с союзом for придаточными и равен ли по значению в этих предложениях союз for союзу because.

Для того чтобы убедиться в этом факте, рассмотрим следующие примеры: It was Richie who played, for Lucien had discouraging business paper to read. (R. Macaulay). On earth there may be some truth in this, because the people are uneducated… (Shaw).

      Придаточные предложения с союзом because указывает на причину действия, которое выражено в главном предложении. Такие предложения могут быть использованы отдельно в качестве ответа на вопрос почему?(why?)? как  в следующем отрывке диалога: “I must have come.” “Why?” “Because I must. Because there would have been other way”. (Shaw).Придаточное предложение с союзом for не может быть использовано в этом случае. Причиной этого является то, что придаточные предложения с союзом  for выражают дополнительную мысль, которую добавляют в последней части предложения, как в следующем примере: “What game are they all playing” poor Fleda could only ask; for she had an intimate conviction that Owen was now under the root of his betrothed. (H. James).

     Кроме того, невозможно заменить союз because союзом for в следующем предложении: But either because the rains had given a freshness, or because the sun was shedding a most glorious heat, or because two of the gentlemen were young in years and the third young in the spirit – for some reason or other a change came over them. (Forster).

     Особенностью отличия придаточных предложений с союзом for от придаточных предложений с союзом because является тот факт, что придаточные предложения с союзом for могут также следовать после точки и в большинстве таких предложений присутствует союз but, как в следующем отрывке: This thought, together with one other – that one more after dinner he was to see Roberta and in her room as early as eleven o’clock or even earlier – cheered him and caused him to step along most briskly and gaily. For, since having indulged in this secret adventure so many time, both were unconsciously becoming bolder. (Dreiser) [13, 149].

     Таким образом, Б.А. Ильиш определяет союз for как  союз, который используется в предложении, представляя собой промежуточный тип между сложносочиненным и сложноподчиненным предложением. В дальнейшей части работы, мы будем придерживаться классификации Качаловой, которая считает этот союз причинным.   

      Итак, предложения различаются  как по своим функциям, так и по структуре. По строению предложения  делятся на простые  и сложные.

     По  способу сочетания  частей, образующих сложные предложения, последние подразделяются на сложносочиненные и сложноподчиненные.

     Сложносочиненным  называется сложное  предложение, состоящее  из двух или нескольких предложений, оформленных  грамматически как  предложения независимые (несмотря на наличие союзов во второй или в обеих частях), но не абсолютно равноправные, поскольку содержание и структура второй части, соединенной с первой при помощи сочинительных союзов, союзных наречий или бессоюзным  способом, обусловлены содержанием первой части.

     Сложноподчинённое предложение представляет собой смысловое, грамматическое и  интонационное единство, в котором одна часть, называемая главной, синтаксически подчиняет одну или несколько частей, называемых придаточными, при помощи подчинительных союзов, союзных слов или бессоюзным способом. Обязательным формальным признаком главной части является наличие сказуемого или части его, выраженной глаголом в личной форме.

     Изучение  сложноподчиненного предложения традиционно  велось с позиций  функционального  приравнивания подчиненной предикативно единицы к члену предложения.

     Придаточное предложение выполняет  в сложном предложении  функцию одного из членов предложения: подлежащего, именной  части составного сказуемого, дополнения, определения и  обстоятельства.

     Придаточные обстоятельственные предложения относятся к глаголу, прилагательному или наречию, входящему в состав главного предложения.

     Существует  несколько классификаций  придаточных предложений, при этом, придаточное  причины выделяется во всех классификациях, представленных выше.

     Кроме того, придаточное причины является основным способом выражения причины в сложном предложении.

    Придаточные предложения причины, также подразделяются на различные типы, в зависимости от союза, вводящего придаточное предложение.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

     Глава 3. Исследование использования придаточных предложений причины в художественном тексте.  

     В данной главе проводится анализ практического  материала –  предложений с различными способами выражения причины  в английском языке, извлеченный из произведения Джерома К. Джерома «Трое в лодке, не считая собаки», методом сплошной выборки.  

3.1. Союзы, вводящие  придаточные причины.

     При анализе придаточных предложений  причины, извлеченных из произведения Джерома К. Джерома «Трое в  лодке, не считая собаки», было выявлено следующее:

     Самым частотным союзом при выражении причины в придаточном предложении, является союз because:

1) I must have been very week at the time; because I know, after the first half-hour or so, I seemed to take no interest whatever in my food – an unusual thing for me - and I didn’t want any cheese.

2) He could not find his handkerchief, because it was in the pocket of the coat he had taken off, and he did not know where he put the coat, and all the house had to leave off looking for his tools, and start looking for his coat

3) There was the Gladstone and the small handbag, and the two hampers, and a large roll of rugs, and some four or five overcoats and mackintoshes, and a few umbrellas, and then there was a melon by itself in a bag, because it was too bulky to go in anywhere, and a couple of pounds of grapes in another bag, and a Japanese paper umbrella, and a frying- pan, which, being too long to pack, we had wrapped round with brown paper.

4) They put him under laughing-gas one year, poor lad, and drew all his teeth, and gave him a false set, because he suffered so terribly with toothache.

5) He would lie there and sob, because they wouldn’t let him do Latin exercises, and took his German grammar away from him.

6) It is like the sunset and the stars; we are not awed by their loveliness because they are common to our eyes.

7) Harris said he thought that map must have been got up as a practical joke, because it wasn’t a bit like the real thing, and only misleading.

8) Yes, it must be, because we’ve walked a good two miles already.”

9) It is a great pity, because he will never be a success as it is, while there are one or two colours in which he might not really look so bad, with his hat on.

10) But I did it, and I wished I could let him know that I had done it, because I wanted to make them happy

11) I am chocked full of beautiful and noble thoughts, and I want to stop like it, because it feels nice and good.

12) It would be better for him to stop in the boat, and get tea ready, while Harris and I towed, because getting tea was such a worrying work, and Harris and I looked tired.

13) I would not let Harries touch it, because he is careless.

14) But they would not hear of that, because otherwise the interest would accumulate so.

15) Sometimes, our pain is very deep and real, and we stand before her very silent, because there is no language for our pain, only moan.

16) I do not blame the dog, because I take it that it is his nature.

17) He could not have tumbled into the river, because we were on the water side of him, and he would have had to climb over us to do it.

18) We struck the tow-path at length, and that made us happy; because prior to this we had been sure whether we were walking towards the river or away from it, and when you are tired and want to go to bed, uncertainties like that worry you.

19) I found him in trouble, the next time I awoke, because he could not find his socks.

20) Bow finds it impossible to keep pace with stroke, because stroke rows in such an extraordinary fashion.

21) I could not go to his assistance, because, as ill-luck would have it, we had not taken the proper precaution to bring out a spare pole with us.

22) Indeed, it had been more than a failure, because we were worse off after we had washed our clothes than we were before.

23) “Well, it’s a most remarkable thing – most remarkable, because as a matter of fact, you are quite right.”

24) “Well, I had a haul on Tuesday evening that it’s not much good my telling anybody about, because I don’t expect anybody would believe me if I did”.

25) If Harris’s eyes fill with tears, you can bet it is because Harris has been eating raw onions, or has put too much Worcester over his chop.

26) My friend used to get up early in the morning to practice, but he had to give that plan up, because of his sister.  

     Вторым, по частотности употребления, является союз as:

1) The steward recommended the latter course, as it would come so much cheaper.

2) George said he should be all right, and would rather like it, but he would advise Harris and me not to think of it, as he felt sure we should both be ill.

3) Harris said he didn’t think George ought to do anything that would have a tendency to make him sleepier than he always was, as it might be dangerous.

4) George said he felt thirsty (I never knew George when he didn’t); and as I had a presentiment that a little whisky, warm, with a slice of lemon, would do my complaint good, the debate was, by common assent, adjourned to the following night;

5) He started with a couple of chops, saying that he would take these while they were hot, as the beef could wait.

6) At one o’ сlock the landlady would come in to ask if we weren’t going out, as it seemed such a lovely day.

7) “Ah, he knows”, we say, as we wish him good morning, and start off; “wonderful how these old fellows cаn tell!”

8) It took us some time to pass through, as were the only boat, and it is a big lock.

9) As the two young men tittered and roared and exploded with laughter pretty continuously all through the song, it went exceedingly well.

10) Round the camp-fire in the market-place gather still more of the Baron’s troops, and eat and drink deep and bellow forth roistering drinking songs, and gamble and quarrel as the evening grows and deepens into night.

11) And shouting horsemen are galloping from group to group, and little banners are fluttering lazily in the warm breeze, and every now and then there is a deeper stir as the ranks make away on either side, and some great Baron on his war-horse, with his guard of squires around him, passes along to take his station at the head of his serfs and vassals.

12) It was still early when we got settled and George said that, as we had plenty of time, it would be a splendid opportunity to try a good, slap-up supper.

13) So he sat up at night instead, and played after the family had gone to bed, but that did not do, as it got the house such a bad name.

14) We were up early the next morning, as we wanted to be in Oxford by the afternoon.

     Однако  здесь необходимо отметить проблему нейтрализации оппозиции союза as, который может выражать как причину, так и время. Так, при анализе некоторых предложений, невозможно наверняка определить, является ли это предложение придаточным причины или придаточным времени:

1) You stand in the centre of the deck, and, as the ship heaves and pitches, you move your body about, so as to keep it always straight.

2) I opened the bag and packed the boots in; and then, just as I was going to close it, a horrible idea occurred to me.

3) I saw him fix a longing eye on the landing stage as we drew near it, so I manageв by an adroit movement, to jerk his cap into the water.

4) We were pulling down stream, and, as we came round the bend, we noticed a couple of men on the bank.

5) And, as they passed by that dark wood, one knight of those that rode, missing his comrades, wandered far away, and returned to them no more.

6) And then, just as I was landing the shirt, I noticed that it was not my shirt at all, but George’s, which I had mistaken for mine.

7) She enlivened the journey by describing to us, as we trailed along the various pains she had her back.

 

  При анализе придаточных предложений причины, было выявлено достаточное количество примеров придаточных предложений с союзами for:

1) He used to get into awful rows for sitting up in bed and reading Greek, and as for French irregular verbs, there was simply no keeping him away from them.

2) And we other boys, who would have sacrificed ten terms of our school-life for the sake of being ill for a day, and had no desire whatever to give our parents an excuse for being stuck-up about us, couldn’t catch so much as a stiff neck.

3) I never pass it without feeling better for the sight of it.

4) I never could withstand an appeal for help, so I went and undid them; not before it was time either, for Harris was nearly black in the fact.

5) He dared not move for fear of going over, and had to stay there till I could get hold of his legs, and haul him back, and that made him madder than ever.