Особенности функциональных стилей английского языка

Анализ примеров из  разнообразных источников  подтвердил выделенные в теории особенности функциональных стилей. 

Следует отметить, что при переводе того или иного текста большую роль  играет не только замысел автора текста, но и точка зрения автора перевода.

    

 

 

 

 

 

БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ.

1. И.В. Арнольд  «Стилистика современного Английского языка».М.,2004.
2. М.В. Осипова «Практический курс перевода с Английского на Русский язык».Хабаровск,2009.
3. Н.М. Разинкина «Функциональная стилистика».М.,2004.
4. А.И. Гальперин «Очерки по стилистике Английского языка»
5. Интернет сайты: 1. www.wikipedia.org

                              2.  http://www.shakespeare-online.com/sonnets/18detail.html

                              3. http://www.kostyor.ru/poetry/marshak/?n=43

                                   4. www.icc-cpi.int/Menus/ICC?lan=en-GB

                                  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Приложение.

№ 1.

The atom is a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense, central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. The atomic nucleus contains a mix of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons(except in the case of hydrogen-1, which is the only stable nuclide with no neutrons). The electrons of an atom are bound to the nucleus by the electromagnetic force. Likewise, a group of atoms can remain bound to each other, forming a molecule. An atom containing an equal number of protons and electrons is electrically neutral, otherwise it has a positive charge (electron deficiency) or negative charge (electron excess) and is an ion. An atom is classified according to the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus: the number of protons determines the chemical element, and the number of neutrons determines the isotope of the element.

The name atom comes from the Greek "ἄτομος"—átomos (from α-, "un-" + τέμνω –temno, "to cut"), which means uncuttable, or indivisible, something that cannot be divided further. The concept of an atom as an indivisible component of matter was first proposed by early Indian and Greek philosophers. In the 17th and 18th centuries, chemists provided a physical basis for this idea by showing that certain substances could not be further broken down by chemical methods. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, physicists discovered subatomic components and structure inside the atom, thereby demonstrating that the 'atom' was divisible. The principles of quantum mechanics were used to successfully model the atom.

Atoms are minuscule objects with proportionately tiny masses. Atoms can only be observed individually using special instruments such as the scanning tunneling microscope. Over 99.9% of an atom's mass is concentrated in the nucleus,with protons and neutrons having roughly equal mass. Each element has at least one isotope with unstable nuclei that can undergo radioactive decay. This can result in a transmutation that changes the number of protons or neutrons in a nucleus.

Electrons that are bound to atoms possess a set of stable energy levels, or orbitals, and can undergo transitions between them by absorbing or emitting photons that match the energy differences between the levels. The electrons determine the chemical properties of an element, and strongly influence an atom's magnetic properties.

www.wikipedia.org

№ 2.

Birch species are generally small to medium-size trees or shrubs, mostly of temperate climates. The simple leaves may be toothed or pointed. The fruit is a small samara, although the wings may be obscure in some species. They differ from the alders (Alnus, other genus in the family) in that the female catkins are not woody and disintegrate at maturity, falling apart to release the seeds, unlike the woody cone-like female alder catkins.The bark of all birches is characteristically marked with long horizontal lenticels, and often separates into thin papery plates, especially upon the Paper Birch. It is practically imperishable, due to the resinous oil which it contains. Its decided color gives the common names gray, white, black, silver and yellow birch to different species.The buds form early and are full grown by midsummer, all are lateral, no terminal bud is formed; the branch is prolonged by the upper lateral bud. The wood of all the species is close-grained with satiny texture and capable of taking a fine polish; its fuel value is fair.The leaves of the different species vary but little. All are alternate, doubly serrate, feather-veined, petiolate, and stipulate. They often appear in pairs, but these pairs are really borne on spur-like two-leaved lateral branchlets.Birches often form even-aged stands on light, well-drained, particularly acidic soils. They are regarded as pioneer species, rapidly colonising open ground especially in secondary successional sequences following a disturbance or fire. Birches are early tree species to establish in primary successions and can become a threat to heathland if the seedlings and saplings are not suppressed by grazing or periodic burning. Birches are generally lowland species, but some species such as Betula nana have a montane distribution. In the British island, there is some difference between the environments of Betula pendula and Betula pubescens, and some hybridization, though both are "opportunists in steady-state woodland systems". Mycorrhizal fungi, including sheathing (ecto-) myccorhizas, are found in some cases to be beneficial to tree growth

www.wikipedia.org

№ 3.

A microscope (from the Greek: μικρός, mikrós, "small" and σκοπεῖν, skopeîn, "to look" or "see") is an instrument used to see objects too small for the naked eye. The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called microscopy. Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope.There are many types of microscopes, the most common and first to be invented is the optical microscope which uses light to image the sample. Other major types of microscopes are the electron microscope (both the transmission electron microscope and the scanning electron microscope) and the various types of scanning probe microscope.Microscopes can be separated into several different classes. One grouping is based on what interacts with the sample to generate the image, i.e., light (optical microscopes), electrons (electron microscopes) or a probe (scanning probe microscopes). Alternatively microscopes can be classed on whether they analyse the sample via a scanning point (confocal optical microscopes, scanning electron microscopes and scanning probe microscopes) or analyze the sample all at once (wide field optical microscope and transmission electron microscopes).The wide field optical microscope and transmission electron microscope use the theory of lenses (optics for light microscopes and electromagnet lenses for electron microscopes) in order to magnify the image generated by the passage of a wave through the sample, or reflected by the sample. The waves used are electromagnetic (in optical microscopes) or electron beams (in electron microscopes). Resolution in these microscopes is limited by the wavelength of the radiation used to image the sample, shorter wavelengths allow a higher resolution.Scanning optical and electron microscopes, like the confocal microscope and scanning electron microscope, use lenses to focus a spot of light/electrons onto the sample then analyze the reflected and/or transmitted waves. The point is then scanned over the sample to analyze a rectangular region. Magnification of the image is achieved by displaying the data from scanning a small sample area on a large screen. These microscopes have the same resolution limit as wide field optical and electron microscopes.

www.wikipedia.org

№ 4.

J-l Summer Work/Travel Program Terms and Conditions

Program Sponsor: American Pool Enterprises, Inc.

Please read this document very carefully, and make certain that you understand it completely before moving forward with our J-l Summer Work/Travel program. If you have any questions, regarding this document, please contact your local in country representative or call our office headquarters in Owings Mills, Maryland toll free at 1-866-1G02USA (1-866-446-2872) or (410) 581-7788.

Please be ready to provide proof that:

1. You are between the ages of 18 and 28 years old.
2. You are currently enrolled in a college or university outside of the USA
3. You are a full time student at the time that you submit your application.
4. You are able to function in an English speaking society.
5. You are able to arrive to the USA before your employment period begins.
6. You are able to remain in the USA through the duration of your program.
7. You are capable of performing all duties and tasks outlined in your job description.

Please know that you are agreeing to the following conditions:

1. You are required to report to and work for the employer listed in section #1 of your DS-2019 form. (Failure to do so will result in dismissal from the program)
2. While living in the United States, you will follow all federal, state, and local laws along with the rules and regulations of United Work and Travel, a division of American Pool Enterprises, Inc. Failure to do so will result in dismissal from the program.
3. You MUST check in with United Work and Travel, a division of American Pool Enterprises, Inc. within 72 hours of your arrival to the United States by telephone or by Internet. Our toll free phone number for check in is 1-866-IG02USA (1-866-446-2872). However, online check-in is the preferred check in method. Please log into your student account at www.myuwt.com to check in online.

Failure to check in will result in the immediate loss of insurance and you will fall out of valid J-l status in the USA.

4. You will participate in an orientation provided by your local United Work and Travel recruitment representative in your home country.

№ 5.

Staff Regulations

Adopted by the Assembly of States Parties

Second session

New York, 8-12 September 2003

Core values

(a) Staff members of the Court shall uphold and respect the principles

embodied in the Rome Statute, including faith in fundamental human rights, in the

dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women.

Consequently, staff members shall exhibit respect for all cultures; they shall not

discriminate against any individual or group of individuals or otherwise abuse the

power and authority vested in them.

(b) Staff members of the Court shall uphold the highest standards of

efficiency, competence and integrity. The concept of integrity includes, but is not

limited to, compliance with the relevant standards on confidentiality established by

the Court, probity, impartiality, fairness, honesty and truthfulness in all matters

affecting their work and status.

General rights and obligations

(c) Staff members of the Court are subject to the authority of the President,

the Registrar or the Prosecutor, as appropriate, and to assignments by them to any of  the relevant activities or offices of the Court. In exercising that authority, the

President, the Registrar and the Prosecutor shall seek to ensure, having regard to the  circumstances, that all necessary safety and security arrangements are made for staff  carrying out the responsibilities entrusted to them.

(d) In the performance of their duties, staff members of the Court shall

neither seek nor accept instructions from any Government or from any other source

external to the Court.

(e) By accepting appointment, staff members pledge themselves to discharge

their functions and regulate their conduct with the interest of the Court only in view.

Loyalty to the aims, principles and purposes of the Court, as set forth in the Rome

Statute, is a fundamental obligation of all staff members by virtue of their status as

international civil servants.

www.icc-cpi.int/Menus/ICC?lan=en-GB

 

№ 6.

Mr Nikolay Roshin  
ABC-company  
Office 2002, Entrance 1B  
Tverskaya Street  
Moscow  
RUSSIA                                       20 June 2004  

 

Dear Nikolay,

I'm writing to you in regard of your enquiry. Please find enclosed our information pack which contains our brochures and general details on our schools and summer centres.

In England we have two schools, Brighton and Bath, both beautiful locations which I am sure you and your students will like. Our schools are located in attractive premises in convenient, central positions. Brighton is a clean and safe town with a beautiful bay and countryside nearby. Bath is one of the most famous historic cities in England, famous for its Georgian architecture and Roman Baths. 

Accommodation is provided in host families chosen for the ability to provide comfortable homes, a friendly welcome and a suitable environment, in which students can practice English and enjoy their stay. We have full-time Activities Organisers responsible for sports, cultural activities and weekly excursions.

Please complete and return the enclosed registration form in order to receive more brochures and other promotional materials.

I look forward to hearing from you and later hope to welcome your students to our schools and summer centres.

Yours sincerely, 

Tomas Green  
Managing Director

№ 7.

-Is it true that your films are all made without a script?

-That's true. I don't have the story finished and ready when we start work on a film. I usually don't have the time. So the story develops when I start drawing storyboards. The production starts very soon thereafter, while the storyboards are still developing. We never know where the story will go but we just keeping working on the film as it develops. It's a dangerous way to make an animation film and I would like it to be different, but unfortunately, that's the way I work and everyone else is kind of forced to subject themselves to it.

-But for that to work I can imagine it would be essential to have a lot of empathy with your characters.

-What matters most is not my empathy with the characters, but the intended length of the film. How long should we make the film? Should it be three hours long or four? That's the big problem. I often argue about this with my producer and he usually asks me if I would like to extend the production schedule by an extra year. In fact, he has no intention of giving me an extra year, but he just says it to scare me and make me return to my work. I really don't want to be a slave to my work by working a year longer than it already takes, so after he says this I usually return to work with more concentration and at a much faster pace. Another principal I adhere to when directing, is that I make good use of everything my staff creates. Even if they make foregrounds that don't quite fit with my backgrounds, I never waste it and try to find the best use for it.

-So once a character has been created, it's never dropped from the story and always ends up in the final film?

-The characters are born from repetition, from repeatedly thinking about them. I have their outline in my head. I become the character myself and as the character I visit the locations of the story many, many times. Only after that I start drawing the character, but again I do it many, many times, over and over. And I only finish just before the deadline.

№ 8.

Football or Soccer.

Association football, commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players each. It is widely considered to be the most popular sport in the world. A ball game, it is played on a rectangular grass field, or occasionally on artificial turf, with a goal at each end of the field. The object of the game is to score by manoeuvring the ball into the opposing goal; only the goalkeepers may use their hands or arms to propel the ball in general play. The team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is tied at the end of the game, either a draw is declared or the game goes into extra time and/or a penalty shootout, depending on the format of the competition.

The modern game was codified in England following the formation of the Football Association, whose 1863 Laws of the Game created the foundations for the way the sport is played today. Football is governed internationally by the Federation Internationale de Football Association (International Federation of Association Football), which is commonly known by the acronym FIFA. The most prestigious international football competition is the World Cup, held every four years. This event, the most widely viewed and famous in the world, boasts twice the audience of the Summer Olympics.

Football is played in accordance with a set of rules, known as the Laws of the Game. The game is played using a single round ball (the football) and two teams of eleven players each compete to get the ball into the other team's goal, thereby scoring a goal. The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals, then the game is a draw. There are exceptions to this rule, however; see Duration and tie-breaking methods below.

The primary rule is that the players (other than the goalkeepers) may not intentionally touch the ball with their hands or arms during play (though they do use their hands during a throw-in restart). Although players usually use their feet to move the ball around, they may use any part of their bodies other than their hands or arms.

In typical game play, players attempt to propel the ball toward their opponents' goal through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling, passing the ball to a team-mate, and by taking shots at the goal, which is guarded by the opposing goalkeeper. Opposing players may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass or through tackling the opponent who controls the ball; however, physical contact between opponents is limited. Football is generally a free-flowing game, with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play, or when play is stopped by the referee. After a stoppage, play recommences with a specified restart.

№ 9.

Power Company Urges Conservation

"There are lots of opportunities for saving energy"

By Sergei Dmitriyev

The Moscow News

On Thursday, the Moscow Energy Supply Company (Mosenergosbyt), together with lightbulb producer Kosmos, held an event entitled Ekonomlyu Dlya Sebya! (Economize for Yourself!) at the former company's offices.

"Our goal is to make people familiar with the existing energy saving technologies and to show them that they will help them to reduce their expenses for electricity," the head of Mosenergosbyt's press-service Konstantin Veryuzhsky told The Moscow News. "There are lots of opportunities for saving energy. The key problem is that not everyone knows about them."

Visitors were invited to visit an exhibition of energy saving products, with on-site consultations available. Leaflets with advice on energy saving were distributed; children also learned about conservation through special competitions, Mosenergosbyt said.

Visitors were also invited to trade their incandescent lightbulbs for energy saving ones made by Kosmos, up to three per person. Energy saving bulbs are much more expensive than incandescent ones. Prices start at 100 rubles ($4) each; compare this with the 10-to-30 ruble (from $0.4 to $1.20) charge for incandescent varieties. But producers assure that energy saving bulbs compensate by lasting longer, and use less energy while producing nearly the same amount of light.

Mosenergosbyt also offered a five-percent discount on installation of multi-rate meters to any person who filed an application Thursday. The multi-rate meters will offer users two rates: a day tariff and a night tariff, which is four times lower.

The day tariff for Moscow is 1.47 rubles per kWh at houses with electric ovens, and 2.08 rubles per kWh at houses with gas-stoves."

"The goal of the event was to improve control over electricity network's loading in Moscow and Moscow Region during peak periods," Veryuzhsky said.

№ 10.

                    Your time.Our place!

Places to go.Things to do. As one of the world’s most prestigious speciality retailers, we understand-and cater to-today’s lifestyles. From exclusive collections by Salvatore Ferragamo and Prada to in-store boutiques featuring Chanel and Giorgio Armani, we offer the finest merchandise along with a level of servise you may have thought was extinct. Pamper yourself at The Salon, enjoy a leisurely lunch at The Zodiac, and let one of our travel consultants tie up any loose ends in your schedule . Whatever  you need, you will find what you’re looking for at Neiman Marcus.