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The objectives of my course research are:
• to study the essence of the notion “lexico-semantic field”;
• to classify the main types of verbal representation of the lexico-semantic fields in the English language;
• to define the elements of lexico-semantic fields of the concept “sport” their structures and meanings;
1. Introduction …………………………………………………………...….. 3
2. Theoretical part:
2.1. Semantics..……………………………………………………..…... 5
2.2. Lexical field theory …………………………………………..…..... 6
2.3. Idiom. Collocation ……………………………………………….... 7
2.4. Contrastive Analysis …………………………………………….. 8
3. Practical part:
3.1. General sport:
3.1.1. Idioms………………………………………………….….... 11
3.1.2. Collocations……………….………………………………... 15
3. 2. American football:
3.2.1 Idioms……………………………………………………….. 17
3.2.2. Collocations……………………………………………….... 18
3.3. Track and Field, Horse Racing:
3.3.1 Idioms……………………………………………………….. 19
4. Conclusions……………………………………………………………….. 22
5. References……………………………………………………………….... 24
3. 2. AMERICAN FOOTBALL
3.2.1 IDIOMS:
IDIOMS | MEANING | SENTENCE | |
touchdown | to move the ball across the opponent's goal line | забити гол | A team scores six points for a touchdown |
to win something | виграти щось | You scored a touchdown when you hired Jane. She's a great accountant | |
run interference
| to stop or block players of the opponent team so they cannot get to the ball | зупинити чи блокувати гравця з іншої команди | The guard ran interference for the quarterback and he made a first down |
to do an end run | to go around the end of the opponent's defensive line | зробити обхідний маневр | The half-back did an end run and scored a touchdown |
sidelined primarily | to be injured | травмуватись | He was sidelined because of a knee injury |
to stop working on something | зупинитись робити щось | We better sideline that project. | |
quarterback something | The quarterback directs the offensive game of the team. He calls the plays. | планувати гру, керувати грою | Johnny Unitas quarterbacked the Baltimore team to many victories |
kick-off | to start a football game by kicking the ball to the opposing team | розпочати гру ударом мяча | The kick-off of the football game was promptly at 2:00. |
carry the ball | to carry the ball in football | діяти активно в футболі | The tailback carried the ball. |
to be responsible for a project | нести відповідальність за проект | Will you carry the ball this time? Fumi did it last time. | |
to hold the line | The defence line, usually seven men, tries to stay in its position against the opponent's offensive attack | тримати оборону | The Los Angeles Rams held the line at the five yard line against the San Francisco Forty-Niner offensive attack. |
to stay and not move | стояти непорушно | Hold the line on that offer. We are not going to pay any more | |
drop back
| to move back behind the offensive line in order to pass or run around the end | спад назад, йти в відступ | The quarterback dropped back and passed twenty-five yards for a first down |
huddle | the offensive team gathers together and decides on the next play | радитись щодо подальшої гри | After the huddle, the quarterback threw a long pass to the tight end. |
3.2.2. COLLOCATIONS:
COLLOCATION | MEANING | SENTENCE |
Pass the ball | Передавати мяч | How to Pass a Soccer Ball? |
Win the ball | Відбір мяча | Guests of Donbass Arena tours have a chance to win a genuine soccer ball signed by Shakhtar players. |
Kick a goal/penalty | Забити гол/ пенальті | In soccer, a free kick on the goal defended only by the goalkeeper, awarded when a defensive player has committed a foul in the penalty area. |
Kick for touch | Перший кидок мяча | How to Kick for Touch in Rugby? |
Make touch | доторкнутись | One touch football made easy - with Jermain Defoe |
Convert try | Спроба реалізувати | In both codes when a try is scored, the scoring team gets to attempt a conversion. |
Go over for | Перейти за | CPI-M to go over for root cause in civic bodies’ defeat |
Score a try | Виграти спробу | A try is scored by grounding the ball in the opposition's in-goal area |
3.3. TRACK AND FIELD, HORSE RACING
3.3.1 IDIOMS:
IDIOMS | MEANING | SENTENCE | |
the inside track | The inside of a track | внутрішня частина треку | The horse started on the inside track. |
to have information or a position which will make it easier to win | інформація яка допоможе виграти | He will be able to talk to the head of Disney first, because he has the inside track. | |
jump the gun | to begin before the official starts the race | почати скоріше ніж був поданий сигнал, фальшстарт | He jumped the gun and will have to start again |
pass the baton | to continue the task | продовжити виконувати завдання | The older generation is passing the baton to the younger generation |
against the clock primarily | to compete in sports in a timed event or against another competitor's time | конкурувати в спорті в хронометрованій події | She's running against the clock and has only two seconds to better Cindy's time for first place |
to be in a hurry to meet a deadline or time for completion of something | поспішати завершити щось, здати до крайного терміну | I'm running against the clock here on this project. The architectural drawings are due next week. | |
race against time primarily | to run or compete in a timed event | конкурувати в спорті в хронометрованій події | The horse raced against his previous time on the track |
to hurrry to meet a deadline | поспішати завершити щось, здати до крайного терміну | We better race against time. The copy for the newspaper is due at four o'clock. | |
from scratch (noun) | from the starting line for a race | з стартової лінії | Her time from scratch to finish in the mile was just over four minutes |
from the beginning | з початку | I need you to work on this legal brief from scratch. | |
scratch (verb) | to eliminate a horse from a particular race | усуненя коня від специфічної гонки | the horse was scratched from the race |
to eliminate or stop a project | усунення або зупинення проекту | Scratch that ad campaign. It won't work. How to Play the Game | |
put something or someone through its paces | to move in a particular way, usually with speed, along a measured course | рухатись по зваженому курсі на великій швидкості | The harness horse was put through its paces |
to show someone or something how to do something according to a predetermined standard | показувати комусь як робити щось за стандартами | Please put the new secretary through the paces and show her the routines | |
hit one's stride, reach one's stride | the horse is running its fastest | якнайшвидший біг коня | That horse hit its stride at the second turn. |
to do one's best | робити всеможливе | He's finally hit his stride and is doing his job well. | |
dark horse | a horse which no one thinks will win but does | кінь, на якого не ставили ніяких надій, але який переміг скачки | The odds on the dark horse were ten to one, but he won. |
a person or company no one thinks will win but does | персона або компанія, про яких не думають що вони виграють, але вони виграють | President Truman was the dark horse in the 1948 election | |
give one a run for one's money | to compete for money | змагатись за гроші | That horse will give the crowd a run for it's money |
to do the best one can in a competitive situation | робити все можливе в конкурентній ситуації | We'll give our competitor a run for their money. I think we can make the best computer peripheral | |
winning hands down | to win a horse race with one's hands down | виграти скачки не докладаючи великих зусиль | Willie Shoemaker won the Derby hands down |
to do the best one can in a competitive situation | робити все можливе в конкурентній ситуації | You'll get the job hands down. You're the best candidate they have | |
runner-up primarily | to be second | бути другим | She was runner-up in the hurdles |
to be second in any competition | бути другим в будь якому змаганні | We were runner-up in that ad campaign. We will not get the contract, but we came close. | |
off to a running start | moving at the start | рух зі старту | The sailboats were off to a running start as they passed the buoys. |
a good start on something | хороший старт в чомусь | Good outline. You're off to a running start on that essay | |
neck and neck horse racing | The horses are running together | коні, які біжать разом | They were running neck and neck in the stretch |
to be an even race | бути в рівних умовах, бути врівній гонці | Who are the best students? Jim and Jane are neck and neck. They both get straight "A"s. | |
in the stretch, down the stretch, in the homestretch horse racing | іn the final part of a race track between the last turn and the finish line | у завершальній частині трека гонки між останнім поворотом і фінішом | The favourite horse was ahead by two lengths going into the stretch |
in the final stages of an event, such as a business or political campaign | на кінцевих стадіях подіїі, такої як наприклад ділова або політична кампанія | Although the Democrats were ahead in the political campaign in August, the Republicans moved ahead in the stretch | |
riding for a fall | to be riding fast and or dangerously | їхати верхи швитко або небезпечно | He's riding for a fall in the steeplechase |
to risk an accident or failure | ризикувати | He's riding for a fall putting all his money in high risk stocks | |
win by a nose | at the finish, to win by the length of a nose | на фініші, виграти з різницею в сантиметри | The horse won by a nose |
to finish just a little better than the next person or business | фінішувати на трошки краще ніж наступна персона чи бізнес | We won by a nose on that bid. We were only five hundred dollars under the next highest bidder | |
In this course paper I have researched lexico-semantic field, namely idioms and collocations which belong to the category of sport in the English language.
The phraseology is one of the brightest and effective linguistic means. It studies word-groups consisting of two or more words whose combination is integrated as a unit with a specialized meaning of the whole.
The metaphorical and emotional character of the phraseology makes the speech more figurative and expressive.
Phraseological units perform very specific function – they reflect nation’s traditions, culture. Their primary meaning is often very specific and functions in very narrow meaning; however, over time these phrases acquire new meaning, they denote something that can be used in everyday life. While most sports idioms can still be used when discussing sports, they are even more common in other areas of life, especially the business world.
In this course paper I have attempted to compare how idioms are perceived in the English language and have tried to make a comparison between their primary and secondary meaning. When one attempts to translate these phraseological units from the English language into Ukrainian, they may observe the cases of full correspondence, partial correspondence or lack of correspondence. Some phraseological units exist only in English and they are so called national realia, they denote the objects connected with sports that only exist in Great Britain or the USA, but not so widely spread in other countries, therefore, one cannot find the full equivalent in the source language. The biggest part in English is presented by phraseological units with the lack of correspondence. Phraseological units with full and partial correspondence constitute almost equal parts. Such phraseological units are widely used in many languages and have absolute or near equivalents. For example, in English there exists such phraseological unit as “kick-off”. It cannot have the absolute equivalent in the Ukrainian language because it means to start a football game by kicking the ball to the opposing team. And other phraseological units such as “jump the gun” (“фальшстарт”) have the full correspondents in the source language.
I have researched phraseological units and collocations and other stable expressions belonging to the subject "sport" in order to demonstrate their specific national colouring. They reflect the culture, traditions and national character in the English language. Many kinds of sports have originated in Great Britain and the USA and are peculiarly British or American; therefore, they are the fundamental for new idiomatic expressions and collocations.
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