Лекции по "Истории Англии"

     Lecture 7

     James I – Queen Anne

     At the death of Elizabeth a postman got from London to Edinburgh in 60 hours to inform the heir to the throne James VI of Scotland, that his hour had come. When he made the journey south to London, James marvelled of the wealth of his new kingdom, so apparent in the homes and castles of his noblemen. in Scotland at that time life was much poorer. With his coronation (1603) he became James 1 of England and he was the first of the Stuart dynasty. He returned only once to his native Scotland. What for? The land was very poor. There weren't many castles, so he decided to seme in England. As the son of Mary, queen of Scots, and the murdered lord Dunley, he was religiously suspect in the eye of Protestants. Yet neither was he accepted by Catholics. So neither of them accepted him as a religious person. in 1605 a determined group of Catholics led by Robert Ketsby and Thomas Persy plotted to refuge in Spain and France where their religion was strictly observed. There were other ways in which James iost favour with his people. He was a homosexual who showered reward on his lover George ... finally elevating mm the Duke of Buckingham. Ultimately Buckingham was killed in 1620 by lieutenant John Felten, who claimed he was ......... all money and be passed for promotion.

     And you remember this story in Duma's book, but, of course, there is more romance in this book than in the real story. Reflecting the unpopularity of Buckingham in the country Felten wrote: "lie is unworthy of the name of a gentleman or soldier in my opinion, afraid to sacrifice his life for the honour of God, his king and the country." But nevertheless, Felton was hanged on the 27th of November 1620. James inspired a panic about witchcraft which led to mad executions. He was convinced of the power of the Arc Sain strongly believing that a storm which blew up the king and the member of the House of Lords during the opening of Parliament on the 5th of November. And you remember this story, it is still marked as "November Day" - Guy Fawkes Day. So in the south-... beforehand a veteran of the Spanish army Guy Fawkes, or his full name was William Fawkes was supervising the use of explosions, But he was seized, as one of the plotters suddenly became afraid and wrote the letter to the officials. The letter was seized and given straight away to the authorities. Although the use of torture was allowed under English justice system, Fawkes endured ... really surprising tact. And he wanted to bow up not only Parliament but also the king. All of the   plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered on January 31, 1606 and their activities are still marked on the 5th of November when children sing:

     "Remember, remember the 5th of November." So, coming back to James and his witchcraft sciences: he believed that a storm which lasted for 15 days was a witch curse. And once he decided to kill all the witches who happened to be in the country. Another time there was also a witch curse; as he thought that the shin that brought him and his 15-year-old bride queen from Denmark and suddenly the ship sank - it was also a witch's work. So he decided to bum two women at a stake and the most awful thing was that one was still alive and she admitted that she had done that. in 1597 he had written Deimonolog all about witches to counter ... Scots skeptical "Discovery of Witchcraft"' which appeared before - in 1583, So Richard thought and proved by his book that there was actually no witchcraft, but James decided to write another book and said "See, the ship with my bride sank, so it was a curse." So he went on то introduce harsh new laws against witches. Yet he was enough of a scholar to study the legal cases brought against witches and he grew to realize that many triais were unsound. He ended one of the most dubious forms of condemnation, that is actually not believing to children under the age of 14, because at that time the courts were ready to accept any slight offence by youngsters as evidence. John Smith of Lecester finished feats and plans of frame to all women for casting him, actually he accused them of witchwork again and pulling spells on this 10-year-old boy. The first 9 women were again hanged (it was a terrible time for women). But James  decided to interfere into this case. So after this case, when 9 women probably one of them was guilty, we don't know, but all the others were just innocent, after it he prohibited to take children's words under the age of 14 as court evidence. The act went virtually unnoticed. This thing couldn't be said for the execution of Sir Waiter Railey. As a ... in the time of Elizabeth, Railey had enjoyed royal patronage, but he was suspected of plotting against James i who also loathes smoking, the habit which was introduced by Railey to the English society after one of his journeys to the New World. The he king described smoking as harmful to the eye, hateful to the nose, also harmful to the brain, dangerous to the lungs and in the black stinking fume they rose nearly resembling the horrible smoke of the pit that is bottomless so he was reaiiy against this habit. Generally well-played the sentiments made ... but really, nevertheless didn't deserve to die for importing the weed. Railey had been condemned to death for treachery in 1603 but lived for 13 peaceful years in a very cosy cell in the Tower of London, from where he wrote his famous 'History of the World'. He really liked entertainment or, probably, he wanted to have some more adventures, he convinced the king that he could find some gold in Guana. When he returned without money, without gold, having stirred up trouble by taking a Spanish settlement. Railey was accused of a treachery and he was executed in old Palace Yard Westminster, in 1618. Better he would, probably, have lived in the Tower peacefully and died there. James's obsession with a union between England and Spam also severely dented his popularity. Spain, as you now understand, was a long-time enemy, yet, he was determined his son Charles would marry the infanta - the Spanish princess. To secure the agreement James was even prepared to pay the way by returning to Catholicism. Parliament was outraged. His dream fell араrt when Charles, accompanied by the Duke of Buckingham, visited Spain and behaved rudely towards his hosts. James, a man whose hands were constantly black, because he refused to wash them, was once branded by hunted Henry IV as the wisest fool in England. By the time of his death, in 1625,   he had foolishly sacrificed much of the Godwin won for the crown by Elizabeth. As the king's eldest son, Henry, died of typhoid in 1612, it    was his second son Charles, who took the crown. Charles was an art-lover, who was ... to Van-Dyke and Rubence. He had built for his wife -Henrietta Maria of France, the fabulous Queen's House of Greenwiel. But his artistic bent was lost on politicians who grew to loathe. It was Canite Succen that caused the greatest row. In 1628 the Hose of Commons presented Charles with a petition of rights aimed at protecting people from royal taxes which didn't meet with the approval of Parliament, it also banned martial law and declared that no one could be arrested by the king's order without a names charge. Really furious at the challenge to his authority, Charles dissolved Parliament in 1629 and ruled without Parliament for 11 years. During this time he continued to raise money from taxes which was now, thanks to the petition of rights, illegal. Charles was trained in a war of Scotland in 1639. The following year he was compelled to recall Parliament to secure more funds. The Long Parliament as it was called because of its lasting period (20 years) ... Charles's enemies and imprisoned his advisers: sir Thomas Wenwok-Earl of'Seford and Archbishop William Lord Charles was forced то sign the esomt needed to execute Seferd who died at Tower Hill in 1641. When he tried to avenge the death Charles met open anticipy in London. So he decided simply to leave the capital for Oxford effectively leaving the city to parliament. How the king and parliament were on a collision course and the result was the Civil War. On a sense the king's supporters were the majority of noblemen and the Catholics. Geographically the half land of the king's camp was in Wales, the south-west and the north. 1 "hey were called Cavaliers, a name derived from the Spanish word "Cabaliero" used by their enemies to denote that they were .... Followers of Parliament were the crock head ..., the merchants and a few of the noblemen in London, the south-east and East Anglia where support for the anti-royalty was the greatest. Crucially, the country's main ports were in the hands of Parliament. The first clash was in Warwickshire at Etchhue on the 23 of October, 1642. That battle was indecisive but the Cavaliers had me best of refighting in that and the following year. In September, 1643 the Roundheads attracted the vital support of the Scots. In return the Church of England was by law made presbiterion. Oliver Cromwell rose too prominent in the ranks of the Roundheads. He was a member of the Long Parliament and he achieved brilliance as a military tactician and propagandist. He despaired of the rinbling strength of the Parliament and he organized a new modem army which by his order, was composed of clean-living puritans. When the king's forces were eventually defeated at Heivby in Northumbria on 14^th June, 1645. The eventual outcome of the Civil War was certain. Yet the fighting continued with Charles witnessing for himself a furtherout at Coutonherp in Chester. He finally surrendered himself to the Scottish army at Miwerk in Nothingshire. For a flat ransom he was handed over to Parliament. There was discord among the Protestant victure ... on the degree to which the faith should now be followed. Charles made capital out of the grievances carrying out secret negotiations and hoping to win back the throne. For a while he was imprisoned on the isle ... Castle to remove him from intrigue. But when fresh ... irrupted in May 1648 Charles was roundly blamed and was put on trial for his life. The charge against him was that he was  atritor and the public enemy of the Commonwealth. Cromwell actually introduced this term and he called England like that. it wasn't the Commonwealth as we understand it now. Charles refused to plead signifying that he didn't recognize the court. There were 78 commisiones (people who were in the court) - that was held in Westminster, many of these people were unwilling to find any evidence against the king. But it was thanks to the real enthusiasm of Cromwell that they were persuaded to make a guilty verdict. Charles lived long enough to see the ran of the Long Parliament as it was known and to declare itself a republic at the start in 1649. On the 13th of January, 1649 Charles marched from St. James's Palace to the south of the Dum steadying himself on a gold cane. The line of the balcony he sat on was much lower than the ground to show that he really insulted the country and Cromwell wanted, on the other hand, to insult the dignity of the king. Two executioners were present, both were wearing black clothes, they had heavily disguised themselves because they didn't want to suffer from the attacks by royalists. They wore masks, false beards and heavy clothes to alter their shapes. But one of them was know - Richard Brendon nicknamed young Gregory' and it was him who put the axe against king Charles. His assistant was William Lavan. The king asked his executioners not to swing the axe until he gave a sign and it was to be the stretching of his arms. He began saying prayers. At one moment one of his murderers wanted to swing the axe and he started pleading them not to do that. Then he thought it was time to spread his arms. The axe fell and Britain was without a monarch. Brendon's payment was £30 in half crowns, the king's handkerchief and an orange .., with clothes. Soon he fell ill and died suddenly. Many people believed that he died for killing the king. Although hundreds of people attended the execution, the atmosphere was very ... and most people who were present there felt that it was just the beginning of a national disaster. The king's execution diminished support for Cromwell and his so-called Commonwealth further became unpopular among the Puritans. Insistence on religious toleration for Protestants ... infuriated, again, the Protestants who considered themselves to have the only acceptable faith. Consequently, the Scots backed me Prince of Wales who was an exile in Holand and on the 1^st of January, 1651, had been crowned Charles II. However, a bead to .install Charles on the English throne was smashed when Cronwell decided to fight- against the- Scots; 1651 - the- adventures of Charles Ц thereafter became a legend. He is said to have hidden in an oak tree in the grounds of Hoskob House in Shropshire while Commonwealth soldiers were looking for him. Then he was dressed as a woman and he finally arrived at Sholim in Sussex and he went to France by the name of "Sunrise' history puts Cromwell in a bad light giving his vicious repression of the Catholics in Ireland and the existence he inflicted on the English. While was undoubtedly ... by his bigergy against Catholics he was impact highly principle and strongly motivated. Until his death in 1658 Cromwell continued to reset with the dilemma thrown up by colleagues. He became so frustrated with his colleagues the followers of his party, that he dissolved Parliament and made himself Lord Protector. His son Richard briefly held this title until he was overthrown by the army of generals in April 1659. Disputes continued until Parliament decided to restore Charles 11 to power. When Charles entered London on the 29^й1 of May, 1660, the streets were lined with his cheering supporters. First of all, Charles was a handsome, intelligent man who loved theatre, horse racing and, of course; women. Among his mistresses was Nell Gwin, an orange seller, turned actress who caught the eye of the king. She was honest and true and she became a national English fold heroine. When her carriage was mistaken for the one of another of the king's Catholic lovers and it was robed by ... she put her head out of the window and said "Don't hurt me, good people. I'm the Protestant". The ... of Charles to his brother, James, were very severe and undoubtful "Let not poor Mary sulk". The atmosphere of paranoia between the two main religious groups during Charles's reign culminated in popish plot. Protestant Fites Otes spread a rumour that Catholics were planning to kill king Gharles. Several Catholics were executed on his word, while a wave of anti-Catholicism swept the country. In Parliament, the Wig -- a protestant political group pressed for an execution bill which would bar James, the Catholic brother of the king, from taking the throne. Charles accused it and again, dissolved Parliament. He decided to make an alliance with the king Louise XIV of France. And until the date of his death in 1685 he ruled as a dictator. The rule of James II Unopened in 1685 with an invasion by the Duke of MonmaI the illegitimate son of Charles II, and a popular Protestant. Monmal's forces were crushed by the army of Somerset, ft was the last battle to take place on the English soil, Afterwards .James persued Catholic interests vigorously and elevated thorough belief to be the highest strength of government. The outlook got even bleaker for Protestants when his second wife - Mary of Madena gave birth to a son who would be raised a Catholic and would one day inherit the throne. James's enemies were convinced that Charles was an imposter who had been smuggled in the palace in a ... to insure a Catholic succession. It was the last straw. A committee of 7 eminent Protestants pleaded with William of Orange, the Dutch ruler. William was married to Mary, James II's daughter by Ann, and was himself the grandson of Charles 1: A north wind brought William from Holland to Birksham in 1688. James soon realized his course was hopeless and decided to go to France not on the heels of his wife and son. There was no armed resistance to William and Mary, so-called the Glorious Revolution" (as it was known), because it was simply bloodless. However, an attempt by James and his supporters, the Jacobites, to win back the English crown was fought out on Irish soil and was decided in William's favour at the battle of Born on the 1^st of July, 1690 the harsh penalties imposed subsequently -on the Irish Catholics who sought -for James-had cared; Ireland to this very ... William escaped the city smog by having Kensington Palace built for him by sir Christopher Wren, a very famous architect who designed St Paul's. Wren also redesigned much of Hampton Court for both William and Mary. William outlived his wife but died in 1702 after a riding accident in the grounds of Hampton Court when his horse stumbled in a mow hill and threw him down. Queen Anne, Mary's sister was me successor. Parliament passe ... in 1701 to insure a Protestant would always take the throne. For her survival queen Anne had to thank the soldiery skill of me Duke of Melborol. His power in the field insured the clutch of victory against the French king - Louise XIV who would ... James Stuart the old pretender and he also wanted to take the English throne...