Лекции по "Истории Англии"

lecture 5

     We remember, that he[John Lackland] succeded Richard to the throne, and he was all the disasters in one. He was virtulous, he was foolish, unwise and he had com(em)pacity to summerise all these wonderful qualities in one. And before his succession you remember, that he was sent to Ireland, where he had a great laugh over the monks, who came to pay homage to him and who had been laughed by John and his followers. His rule was a disaster, and John, like his brother before him, fell out /// for /// and lost many further English possession on the continent.

      John made very high taxes on his people to, actually, raise money for the war against Philipp. Perhaps that is how the tale of folk hero, Robin Hood spread out(sprain up-?), so Robin Hood was just a memory sign . The legend of someone, who stole from the rich to give to the poor, who were becoming still poorer, thanks to the greedy king, was an irresistable legend. Still there was a very vague evidence to suggest that the legend of this very Robin Hood is anything else but, folklore, so there is no real evidence, that such a person existed in real life.

      Sensationally John roled with Pope Innocence the III by refusing the sanction low opportunity to the Archbishop of Canterbury. Instead John desided to have his own Canterbury. In 1208 the Pope placed all of England under an interdict cutting off the entire country from the Church, so the Church was now absolutely separate from the country England. The deeds were buried in unconsecrated ground while mass was banned. The the following year the king himself was out of the Church. Only when Philipp II of France was poisoned and he was, actually, post to invade, John made his peace(feet) with the Pope. And he effectively bought his way back into favour. He paid about 300 towns for his country to be returned into the Church’s favour.

      John’s row with the powerful English barons left the most enduring legacy. With barons in the north and last coist to revolt John was fresherd into signing a very important document in the English History and, actually this document had(s) been dued under the year 1970 and this document is known as Magna Carta or Great Charter[that was signed outside London, a few miles up the river Thames, at Runnymede]. Much later the Magna Carta was hailed as a statement of civil rights – but it wasn’t. The Barons cared as little for the right of the common land as the King himself. So this Magna Carta was written only for the Barons, but it did very little for the common people.

      The Magna Carta defined the role of the Barons in Government. It limited royal powers and set out the spheres of power of the English Church. Among its purposes was to declare, that noone, not even the monarch, was above the law. So the Magna Carta became one of the coronations of British justice. It was receited several times in later years. When John reneged on his Charter signature later, the same year, he sparked the First Barons’ war. Outraged Barons offered the English crown to the future King Louis 8^th of France, who attempted an invasion. At the height of the conflict John died in agony at Neawalk-on-Trand, in Nottinghamshire.  He died in grief, days after his baggage train was tragically lost while crossing the Wash. The theory is that he was poisoned had been eagerly discriditated.

      With the death of John in 1216, his son, the boy king Henry III, came to the throne. The most significant thing about him was, that he was only nine years old, when he came to power, but he was an acceptable royal figure//. Hubert Debourg was among Henry’s loyal regents, or sometimes they are called protectors, and it was he, who secured a victory against the French at sea of the Kent coast, at Sandwich. Founded time was told into the eyes of the French sailors and it blinded them and it happened at the very height of the battle. Hubert Bebourg is responsible for another victory, this time on land, at Lincoln, distached the French, and from the year 1217 there was peace between the very two countries, but it wasn’t too long.

      In a fact(effect) it wasn’t until 1232, that Henry was able to assume full control of his own country. One of his first acts was to get rid himself of the loyal protectors(or regents),and especially of loyal Debourg, by placing him under arrest. Hubert Debourg escaped from prison and sought sanctuary in the Church. But nevertheless though he went to Church, he was killed (first of all, he was dragged out of the Church and he was returned to Gal and later he was killed). But there was a furious bishop of Salisbury, and he insisted that Hubert Debourg must be taken again under the sanctuary of the Church. So the King’s men had the place surrounded until he was killed.

      Henry’s reign was quite a long one, but not particularly distinguished. There was a series of very bad and disasterous wars in France and he was set about trying to recope territories, which had been lost by his father. At home there was some shameful anti-semitism, which would escolate until Jews were finally expelled from England in 1219, by Henry’s son, Edward I. On a more positive note there was the arrival of Sackticles during the 12^th century. Universities were founded at Oxford and Cambridge, and the studies of science and medicine began in earnest. Henry did much to republish and, actually, to reconstruct Westminster Abbey -  work, which he carried out as a tribute to his personal hero since Edward the Confessor.

      The king’s own brother-in-law, Simon de Montfort[earl of Leicester], led a rebellion, which began successfully enough. De Montfort’s army in tiny(entirely) English base [and this is very important] rooted the king’s horses in Sussex. Edward, a commanding figure, displayed some of military flayer, which would later earn him respect as a warrior king. He was very tall for his time, he was 180m tall, which earned him his nickname Longshanks, and he was, of course, physically very fit. But in /////// de Montfort captured Richard of Cornwall, Henry’s unlimited brother, Henry and Edward – his son. De Montfort had ideas //// about a great Council or as it is now called Parliament, which members must be drawn from all over England. However, his choice of representatives was //////. The behaviour of some of his supporters worried them even more. Consequently he figures in the Civil War switch time, leaving de Montfort with seriously deplied reigns/ranks.

      Edward escaped from activity after persuading his guards, that he should race each of their horses in turn to see which horse was the fastest. After driving the animals hard, Edward suddenly ran on a fresh horse and galloped away. leaving the frustrated and tired guards on horses and these horses were too weary to make any chase after Edward. Adventureful Edward confronted Simon de Montfort and secured the freedom of his father and a d//// victory. During the battle de Montfort was killed and his head severed to be displayed on the pike by way of warning for people not to go against the king. The battle also claimed the kight of 18 Barons, 160 knights and 4000 soldiers.

      So peace returned to England and it was Edward, who was king in all, but named. When Henry died, in 1272, Edward was fighting a Crusade. So confident about the security of his throne, he didn’t return for the coronation to England for two years, because he knew that noone would go against him. Allthough turn to the fond of cruelty, Edward was a rational man with patience, forside and fertitude. On a personal level he was a loyal Christian and a devoted husband to his queen, Eleonor. Just a decade after de Montfort, he instituted the Great Council with two representatives drawn from each g//. Ironically, the chosen representatives were so displeased to appear, that they had to be threaten with fines in order to attend this very meetings.

      Edward was determined to dwell rebellion among the Welsh and the Scots. His main enemy was in Wales, and his name was Llewelyn, who called himself the Prince of Wales, although his sphere of influence was in fact rather restrictive. After Llewelyn refused to pay homage to Edward, following the coronation, Edward replyed by ceasing his right to be Eleonor, daughter of Simon de Montfort, so everything is very closely connected in History. In 1276 Edward followed up with an invasion. Llewelyn was beaten back into the Snowdonian Mountains and was sterved into submission. A shaky peace came into force, but within 4 years Llewelyn had been killed in a border Skinnish. His brother, Deffidy, who at one time supported the English, was hanged by Edward as a traitor. From the Welshwards came Caernarfon Castle, one of the fortresses, built to subdue the Welsh. It was at this very castle, that Edward’s son and successor was born. The baby, also called Edward, was publicly declared as the Prince of Wales.

      Edward feared less well of the Northern borders, where the Scots refused to submit. When the Scottish throne fell vacant, Edward was asked to pick one of 12 claimers. John (de) Bellion was chosen by him. Although John began by paying homage to Edward, he was soon moved to rebellion. Providing Edward with the excuse, he’d been largerly awaiting, and that /// excuse was to invade. In 1296 he won the victory he craved  and removed the Stone of Destiny, the Scottish coronation stone to London. In apprising 2 years later was suffered with the same efficiency, but still the rebellion swept all/for/through the glance. Edward had to pay the most successful of his Scottish post and rival, Robert de Bruce[movie…]. A campagne against the English //crus, got off to //// //. He started badly by stabbing his rival in a church at Dempry/Devonry. After the Red Coming died at Bruce’s hands, Edward and the Pope were united in anger at such a violence in Church. So still Bruce was crowned by the bishop of St. A//.

      A first conflict with the English and the furious Coming clan left Bruce greasy. According to table he was inspired to renew his effacy. In 1307 he prepared for the battle. Edward was then quite old, he was 68 and he was very close to death. But nevertheless he travelled to meet him. The English king failed to make the battle field, as he died very far from the battle still in Cumbria. Edward’s body was taken to Westminster Abbey, where he was laid very close to Edward the Confessor. His tomb was inscribed according to his instructions: ”Edward, the Hammer of the Scots”. It was Edward’s death-bed wish to have his twenty-three-year-old son to continue his fight. But /// must have known in his  happer heart that this wouldn’t and couldn’t every happen.

      Edward II was a pleasure-loving king. What’s more, he was homosexual as febal as his father was bald. So was absolutely contrasted to his father. He father was a hard act to follow, and perhaps Edward the Second’s downfall  was that he inheritied none of his soldiery bearings. The new king was less concerned with Scotland than he was with the state/fate of his favourite companion, Pierce Gaveston. Edward I had insisted that Gaveston was banistered out of London and from the court. But now, as his father died, he could be reinstated[to give someone back their previous job or position] much to the pury of the balance and the nobles. They //// were deeply suspicious of Edward’s favourite deed, the amateur theatre, which delighted the King and Gaveston very much. In 1312 Edward’s close companion was seemed by Son of England, most notable earl, and he was hanged at Black/// Hill.

      Matters went from bad to worse for Edward. It was 1314 before he found the, actually, strength and some i///sm to/too much on Scotland. He went North with a large army, but found himself out-manoeurved at every turn. The Scottish victory at Bannockburn[near Stirling] insured independence from England.

      Despite his sexual preferences, Edward had married a French noble woman, Isabella, and had four children. But Isobella grew to hate him and fled, which is quite explainable, to France, where she plotted with her lover the rebell to /// Edward. After they landed in Southfolk in 1327, they gathered very headpopular support. Edward was compelled to updecayed in favour of his fourteen-year-old son, another Edward. He was taken to Backony Castle, where he was treated with contempt. He survived and his enemies decided to murder him. And a mirror of heavengary, again returned with King Edward III.

      Despite the opening episode of his fifty-year reign, when he tried and, actually, he managed to execute Roger Mortimer, the ambitious nobleman,  who had deposed[to force a political leader or a king or queen out of their position of power] Edward II of his becoming. So it’s very easy, first comes Edward I, then Edward II, then Edward III – that was the mirror of heavengary. At the same time banistered Mortimer’s mistress, his own mother, to an isolated castle.

      By this time Robert de Bruce was dead and Edward saw his opportunity to invade. In 1333 Edward won a great victory against the Scots at Havido(m/n) Hill. In his armoury wasa brand-new weapon, the canon, thereafter to the town of Boic became English, although the country of Birmingshire remained Scottish. Activities north to the border drew Scotland and France into the conflict. //Philipp VI opened up at Southern France by austing Edward from Gascony in 1337 it signaled the start of the One Hundred Years War.

      There was little genuine purpose to the war, which amounted to a service of skirn///. Except to confirm the reputation of the English balmen as the best in the world, so you see the reason for that was is very simple and /// one. Edward, still hubbering the laim to the French throne through his mother, nevertheless mistrusted French ambition. By now the wool trade was a vital one to England, and so was trade with Flanders, where the crept of weaving plutched. With a victory at sea against the Frehcn fleet, already behind him, Edward invaded France. Using gun power and his new weapon, canon&the canon fire, to break effect, he secured a victory at Crecy, near Calais, in 1346.

      One observer revealed that the English shot their arrows with such force and quickness, that it seemed as if it snowed. The battle was eventually won by Edward, who demanded six burgers bring him the kings of the town with noses already around their necks, ready to be hanged. Only when his queen, Philippa, went on bended knee on their ///, he decided to show mercy. A peace treaty halted the Castillia one-temporary peace. And the Hundred Years War lasted for a term/// 116 years.

       Such was King Edward’s respect for king Arthur, that he had his own Round Table construcred during the first years of this reign. He created the Order of the Garter, the highest honor intended for the bravest of the knights. The Order won its name of motto, when his cousin Joan dropped her garter at a ball in 1348. Edward picked it up and fastened to his own leg. To counter the sniggers he /// declared: “Let him be ashamed who sees evil[wrong] in it” [Homi soit qui mal y pense]. Incidentally Joan, who was warded but not won by the king, was in love with the stuard of the Earl of Salisbury. To be closer to her lover, she wed the earl, but when both died, she became the bride of the Black Prince. 

      Also in the time of King Edward III came the creation of the Court/cotton Quarter Session. These were new court estalished in 1363 to deal with low graid affensive under the stuardship of justices of the peace. This court remained in existance until the year 1971 (you know, that 1970s were the years in Gea Britain, when the British people decided to change everything in their policy, so these changes were taken).

      Edward died from a stroke in 1377. The crown went to Richard (son of the Black Prince and grandson of Edward III), who was just ten years old. At home Edward III subject faced the ravages of a very famous disease, which was called the Black Death. This was the name, given to the Boubonne[spelling-??] plague, a dreadful disease, carried by the cease/pl// of rats, which st// their way on ships travelling from the East. Its symptoms were hard black spots and tumors under the arms. The breath of one victim was sufficient to impact the next victim. One infected the victim could expect to survive no longer than a few days. As the epidemic ran its course, it claimed between 1/5 and 1/3 out of the English ///////. In Europe this estimated that a disease killed a quarter of the population, about 25 million people.

      The rule of King Richard put to the test, when he was still a teenager. As the Black Death had cut the labour, the peasant classes felt for the first time their sence of power. When /////// high taxes threaten their very exsitance, they put Richard’s power to the test. And a very famous and prominent figure Wat Tyler lay the Peasant’s Revolt in 1381 with assistant from a radical priest, called John Ball/of Gaunt. His motto was: “Matters can’t go on well in England, until all things shall be common”. Settles known as bier, though with only limited rights, march from Kent to London, gathering all the /// in numbers. In the capital they broke into the Tower of London, where they killed some nobles, including the Lord Chancellor and the Archbishop of Canterbury. Another victim in London was the wealthy merchant, Richard Lined. He once had been Tyler’s master and had beaten Tyler very badly. And now Tyler and his followers had a terrible revenge – they killed him mercelessly. The fourteen-year-old king went to see the peasants. When he asked them, what they wanted, they replied: “We wish no longer be called slaves. We wish you to make us free forever.” Instantly Richard offered to meet all their demands and granted a pardon to all those, who dispassed. However, the leader of the Revolt, and some 30 thousand followers were not apeaced. At the next meeting at the Course Market, at Smithfield on the 15^th of June Wat Tyler spoke impudently to the king and, what’s more, he was figuring a sword. And he was stabbed by William Warpock, the Lord Mayor of London, who feared the king would die at the hence of the Revolt. As Tyler lay dying, his follows /// in ///. The king rode a /// shouting “I will be your leader, follow me!” and the common people, without a leader, they did it. Until the king’s guard broke up the rebellion.

      Richard, instantly, went back on his word and did all the finite promises he made to the crowds and saw the leaders hanged. Richard’s chief pleasures came from two sources: gold and jewels. He became deeply unpopular with his nobles, with his ch///////of m////////, particularly, when he made merchant’s son Michael de Napault his Lord Chancellor. A rebellion by leading nobles, known as the Atalants in 1388, had the majority of Richard’s favourites executed. Richard sought revenge and contribe to have two of the rebels, Thomas Mallbury, the duke of Norfolk, and Richard’s oncle his cousin Henry Brovenbroke, earl of Deby and the son of John of Graunt vanished. While he was abroad Brovenbroke’s father died. The exile meant he lost his inheritence to the greedy king. Bovenbroke, consequently, was furious. To his advantage he accurately forecast the mood of the country and while Richard was conquering Ireland, mounted and invasioned, in Yorkshire,  Boven/// won the majority of the nobles surrounding his course, and when Richard returned to the country, he was imprisoned at Flint Castle. He was forced back to London to applicate in favour of Boven/// in 1399 and was then held prisoner in Yorkshire. Richard died there in 1400 either of starvation or violence. And it was a very brutal end the Plantegenet’s line in the /// History of England.

      The fresh complexion on the monarchy in the shade of the Lancastrians, Brove///after he was crowned, Henry IV did little to bring peace to England: to the West there was an uprising rebel by Owain Glundwr in Ireland, dwell to the south the French continued to attack the England’s south provinces most noteably Acanta. England  within his own borders Henry met some troubles. The percy the family had once slide up with him, now they were dissatisfied with his rule and plotted against him. Leading life of the re/// family, which now alleyed itself with glinder was Henry percy, know as Hotsaw. On the 21^st of July, 1403 Hotsaw was killed by Henry IV and his son, Prince Hell/Harold – the future Henry V.

      Within two years the rebel regranted. Now the ranks alongside the earl of N//////////, father of C///// and  Glyndwr were the Archbishop of York and  Edmund Mortimer, earl of March /////// OH, THOSE FUCKING NAMES!!! Who had elegiment claim to the throne as a very far descendant of Edward III.

      Henry moved quickly and Archbishop of Canterbury was executed, N//// killed in the battle in 1408 and the Welsh were slowly, but surely to subdue to the king. Like many in the Middle Ages, Henry IV was bewitched by mistress/mistery[большая разница, между прочим!!]. When he was told that he would die in Jerusalem, he prepared to meet his fate by makiing a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. It was a journey, as you can guess, he never found time to make. He collalpsed in 1413 praying at the tomb of St. Edward the Confessor in Westminster Abbey. His dying body was carried into a nearby tomb, decorated with tapestries, deficting the story of Jerusalem. It was Jerusalem chamber, known simply as Jerusalem.

      His son, Henry V, who had been at the sight of the battles, came to throne. The truth about this warrior king is much overtold by a very famous writer, Shakespeare. So historians have put a question mark over his wisdom and grace, highlighting his brutality. ////////////// of putting to death prisoners of wars, of those, who has surrended on the battle field. As Prince of Wales he attended the burning of John Bedbee, a protestant, who was convicted on heracy in 1410. After the concuter was underwave Henry ordered that the flame be doused. In agony Badbee was // before the Prince and told to the //////////. The execution continued until Badbee’s death. Henry would doubtless justify his cruelty by declaring that it was carried out for the most noble religious reasons.

      Because of the claim of the English throne Henry V arrived on the Northern coast of France in 1415. henry marched on Calais in order to meet a convoy of ships and return home. But the French cease opportunity to attack. Despite overwelming arts/odds/oughts Henry and his army at Agincourt on 25^th of October, thanx for the most part to the long bow men of the rings. Nearly 7000 French fighters were killed compared to no pure than 1000 English fighters. After the battle, fearing of further attack, Henry ordered all prisoners to be killed whiping out great numbers of French nobles at a stroke. At home the tribe did much to distract from the mestic f///. In 1417 Henry returned to France to conquer much of Normandy. By an alliance with the duke of Burmsby and marriage to Katherine of Valois, the daughter of the French king, Charles VI, Henry V was declared regent and air to the throne of France. This was his aim. Henry felt it his duty to unite England and France. Impressed by his strength and discipline and a paul at the insanity evident of their old monarch many French people were frightened. Henry died of /// while a soldiery compagne in France. Two months later the French king himself died. Henry’s only son was just nine months old, when he was proclaimed King of England and soon afterwards, King of France. The English forces under the leadership of the King’s oncle John, duke of Bedford, at first maintaned and strong put hold in France. And we’ve come up to the reign of Henry VI.