Content

 

Introduction

     The aim of my course paper is to investigate the translation of irony used in various styles. I want to say about irony. This-well known term going back to the Greek word eironeia denotes a trope based on direct opposition of the meaning to the sense. The semantic of irony consists in replacing a denomination by its opposite. Irony is a transfer, a renaming based upon the direct contrast of two notions: the notion named and the notion meant. There are at least two kinds of irony. The first represents utterances that can have only an ironical. This kind of irony is called by some authors antiphrastic the secon 
d variety we can refer the overwhelming majority of utterances which can be understood either literally, or ironically, especially when we deal with written texts.

     Analyzing the use of the term irony in stylistics, we conclude that irony is generally understood and treated as a very broad notion. It has been said above that, as a trope it necessarily implies opposition of the sense to the meaning, a renaming by contrast. Thus good used ironically implies its antonym bad.

     The term irony, then, is often enough applied not to the logical or notional, but merely to stylistic opposition: using high flown elevated linguistic units with reference to insignificant, socially lo topics.

     I clearly perceive the following substyles of the five FSs given above.    The belles-lettres style has the following substyles:

     a) The language style of poetry; b) the language style of emotive prose

     c) The language style of drama.

     The publictic style comprises the following substyles:

     a) The language style of oratory) the language style of essays;

     c) The language style of feature articles in newspaper and journals.         The newspaper style falls into a)the language style of brief news items communiqués; b)the language style of newspaper headings and ;c)the language style of notices and advertisements.

     The method of irony is a literary or rhetorical device, in which there is a gap or incongruity between a speaker or a writer says and what is generally understood.

     Irony may also a rise from discordance between acts and results, especially if it is striking, and seen by outside audience. 

     The scientific prose style also has three division: a)the language style of humanitarian sciences; b)the language style of ‘exact’ sciences; c)the language style of popular scientific prose.

     The official document style can be divided into four varieties: a) the language style of diplomatic documents b) the language style of business documents; c) the language style of legal documents d ) the language style of military documents.

 

Translation of irony used in various styles

Socratic irony

     Socratic irony is feigning ignorance to expose the weakness of another's position.

     Such irony occurred especially and notably in the assumed ignorance which Socrates adopted as method of dialectic, the "Socratic irony". Socratic irony involves a profession of ignorance that disguises a skeptical, non-committed attitude towards some dogma or universal opinion that lacks a basis in reason or in logic. Socrates' "innocent" inquiries expose step by step the vanity or illogicality of the proposition by unsettling the assumption of his dialogue partner by questioning or simply not sharing his basic assumptions. The irony entertains those onlookers who know that Socrates is wiser than he permits himself to appear and who may perceive slightly in advance the direction "naïve" questioning will take

     Television journalist Louis Theroux demonstrated expert use of Socratic irony to his audience, by interviewing.a number of diverce individuals with an air of relaxed naïveté and appreciative curiosity. This has led to his subjects becoming less guarded and more open in answering questions than they would have been in a more adversarial dialogue, while more often than not also granting Theroux subtle control of the interview. In his character of Ali G, Sacha Baron Cohen uses Socratic irony to satirical effect. For instance, in one sketch he interview a professor from the National Poison Information Centre about recreational drug use.

     The 19^th century Danish philosopher SØren Kierkegaard admired Socratic irony and used in variation of Socratic in his masters thesis, titled On concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates. In the thesis, Kierkegaard praises Plato's and Aristophanes' use of Socratic irony, and argues that Aristophanes’ portrayal of Socrates in The Clouds most accurately captured the Spirit of Socratic irony.

Roman irony

     In Roman  times, irony was in public speaking and rhetoric, in which the words used were opposite their meaning or intent.

     Shakespeare imitated Roman irony in his play Julius Caesar in Mark Antony's speech: “Friends Romans countrymen, lend me yours ears! I come bury Caesar, not to praise him.” Continually emphasizing that Brutus and the conspirators “are honorable men”. The subsequent monologue uses extensive irony to glorify Caesar; Antony selects words that seem to support the assassins, while his purpose and his effect is to incite the crowd against them.

Verbal irony

     Verbal irony is distinguished from related phenomenon such as situational irony and dramatic irony in that is produced intentionally by speakers exclaims “im am not upset!” but reveals an upset emotional state thought her voice while truly trying to claim she is not upset, it would not to be verbal irony just by virtue of its verbal manifestation . but if the same speaker said the same words and intended to communicate that she was not utterance would be verbal irony. This distinction gets at an important aspect of verbal irony: speakers communicate implied propositions that are intentionally contradictory to the propositions contained in the words themselves.

     A fair amount of confusing has surrounded the issue regarding the relationship between verbal and psychology researchers have addressed the issue directly. By this account, sarcasm is a particular kind of personal criticism leveled against a person or group of persons that incorporates verbal irony. 

     E.g: a person reports to her friend that rather than going to a medical doctor to treat her ovarian cancer, she was decided to see a spiritual healer instead. In response her friend says sarcastically, “Great idea! I hear they do fine work!”. The friend could have also replied with any number of ironic expressions that should not be labeled as sarcasm exactly, but still have many shared elements with sarcasm.

     The differences between this tropes can be quite subtle an relate to typical emotional reactions of listeners, and the rhetorical goals of the speakers. Regardless of the various ways folk taxonomies categories figurative language types, people in conversations are attempting to decode speaker intentions and discourses goals and are not generally identifying by name the kinds of tropes used.

 

     

Types of irony

     The word “irony” is frequently used figuratively, especially in such phrases as “the irony of fate” of an issue or result that seems to contradict normal expectations derived from the previous state or condition.

Situational irony

     Plays and events coming together in improbable creating a tension between expected and real results. Situational irony occurs when the results of a situation are far different from what was expected. This results in a feeling of surprise and unfairness due to the odd situation.

     Examples:

     An anti-technology website

     Технологияға қарсы вебсайт

     An anti-capitalist website sells anti-capitalism T-shirts for a profit.

     Капитализмге қарсы вебсайт, капитализмді қорғау туралы кеудешелер сатуда

     A fair house burns down

     Үй соңына дейін өртеніп кетті

     A paper cut from a box of bandages

     Қағаз бинт салынған жәшіктен қиып алынды

     Stress relief candles set someone's house on fire.

     Ар үйде адамның шаршағанын басатын шамдар бар  

 

     

Irony of fate (cosmic irony)

     The expression “irony of fate” stems from the notion that the gods are amusing themselves by toying with the minds of mortals, with deliberate ironic intend. Closely connected with cosmic irony, it arises from sharp contrasts between reality and human ideals, or between human intensions actual result Minor examples are daily life situations such as the rain that sets in immediately after one finishes watering one s garden, following many days of putting off watering in anticipation of rain.

     Sharper examples can include situations in which the consequences are more dramatic.

     Examples;:

     The Artist s Monet’s loss of vision, but not hearing.

     Әртіс Монеттің көзі кормеседе, құлағы естиді

     Ludwig van Beethoven loss of hearing, but not vision

     Лудвиг  Ван Бетховен құлағы естімесе де,көзі көреді

 

The 1956 loss by fire of the top of Harvard s Memorial Hall tower, while being restored by workmen to make sure it would last for generations.

     1956 жылы Гарвардтық Мемориалды Залының жоғарғы бөлігі өртеніп кетті, бірақ оған қарамастан жұмысшы топ жоғарғы бөлігін оңдады

     Years before his death, at the age of 23, basketball star “Pistol” Pete Maravich told a Pennsylvania reporter, “I don’t a play 10 years [in the NBA] and then die of a heart attack when I am 40. The 1988 he collapsed and died of a heart attack at age 40, after playing 10 NBA seasons.

     Атакты  баскетболист “Пиcтол”дын олгеннине жыл отти, Пит Марович Пенсилвания тилшилерине “Мен [NBA]да 10 жыл ойнап, содан сон журек ауруынан олгим келип турган жок”-деди, 1988ж. 40 жасында ол NBAга «қ жыл ойнап, журек ауруынан кайтты. 

 

     

Historical irony

     When history is seen thought modern eyes, it sometimes happenes that there is an especially sharp contrast between the way historical figures see their word and the probable future of their world, and what actually transpired.

     Examples:

     When the telephone was invented, some people were espessially quick to see the possibilities. One man even said: “I can easily see that every town will want one.

     Телефонды ойлап шығарғанда, адамдар оның қасиеттерін көрген. “Мен телефон әр қаладағы адамдарға керек болатынына сенімдімін

     Historical irony is often encapsulated into statement:

     They couldn’t hit an elephant at this distance. “Nearly the last words of American Civil War General John Sedwick.

       Олар бұл жерде пілдермен кездесе алмады. “Бұл Американдық азамат соғысында болған Генерал Седвигтин сөздері ” 

 

     

Tragic irony

     Tragedy, what is called “tragic irony» becomes a device for heightening the intensity of a dramatic situation. Tragic irony particularly characterized the drama of ancient Greece, owinng to the familiarity of the spectors with the legendson which so many of the plays were based. In this form of irony, the words and actions of the characters belie the real situation, which the spectators fully realize. It may take several forms: the character speaking may realize the irony of his words while the of the character may not; or he may be unconscious while other actors share the knowledge with the spectators. Irony may come to expression in inappropriate behavior. A witness to a scene involving threats of violence, may perceive continued politeness on the part of the victim as increasingly ironic as it becomes increasingly inappropriate. When not recognized as such, irony can lead to misunderstanding. Even if an ironic statement is recognized as such, it often expresses less clearly what the speaker or writer wants to say than would a direct statement.

Comic irony

     Layers of comic irony pervade. The irony deepens as the story promotes his romance and ends in a double wedding.

     Comic irony from television sketch-comedy has the distinction over literary comic irony in that it often incorporates elements of absurdity. For instance, an ironic situation might involve getting hit by a rib-delivery truck after trying to poison someone with bad rib-sauce to steal his or her gems. Comic irony has long been a staple of cartoons, in which the action is free to be unrealistic.

 

Metafiction

     Metafiction is a kind of fiction which self-consciously addresses the devices of fiction. It usually involves irony and is self-reflective. Mertafiction refers to the effect when a story is interrupted to remind to audience or reader that it is really only a story.

     Irony as infinite, absolutely negativity

     While many reputable critics limit irony to something resembling Aristotle’s definition, an influential set of texts insists that it be understood, not as a limited tool, but as a disruptive force with the power to undo texts and readers alike. This tradition includes Soren Kierkegaard, 19^th century German critic and novelist Friedrich Schlegel ,Charles Baudelaire, Stendhal, and the 20^th century deconstructionist Paul de Man. Briefly, insists that irony is, in Kierkegaard’s words, ” infinite, absolute negativity”. Where much of philosophy attempts to reconcile opposites into a larger positive project Kierkegaard and others insist that irony-whether expressed in complex games of authorship or simple litotes-must in Kierkegaard’s words “swallow its owns stomach”. Irony entails endless reflection and violent reversals, and ensures incomprehensibility at the moment it compels speech. Not surprisingly, irony is the favorite textual property of deconstructionists.

 

Usage controversy

     The material above deals with the primary dictionary meaning of the word irony. There is no controversy that the usage above is a correct usage; the controversy is over whether it is the only correct usage. Authority, in the form of dictionaries and usage guides, can be cited on both sides.

     Descriptivist generally discounts such self-proclaimed language authorities in favor of studying how individuals currently use the word.

     It is currently quite common to hear the word ironic used as a synonym for Incongruous or coincidental in situation where there is no “double audience,” and true meaning of the words.

     Example:

     Ironically, Sir Arthur Sullivan is remembered for the comic operas he found embarrassing, rather than the serious work he hoped would be his legacy.

      

     Adolph Coors ׀׀׀ was the former heir to the Coors empire.

     Адольф  Кур ІІІ сыра империясынын мұрагері болды  

     Ironically, Coors was allergic to beer.

     Other historical prescript ivies have even stricter definitions for the word irony.

 

Cultural variation

     Irony often requires a cultural backdrop to be understood or noticed, and as with any culture-specific idiom, irony often cannot be perfectly transplanted. An expression with a secondary meaning clear to an east-coast American may be obscure to a Canadian, Briton, Australian, or even a west-coast American, though they ostensibly all speak the same language.

     Attempting a literal translation of an ironic idiom to another language often renders the concept muddled or incoherent. Further, the use of verbal irony may also rely on non-literal cues such as tone of voice or posture. Every culture incorporates its own form of linguistic metaphor, idiom and subtlety. In such cases, translation requires extra care, and perhaps explanation.

 

Synonyms of irony

     Sarcasm, Satire indicate mockery of something or someone. The essential feature of irony is the indirect presentation of a contradiction between an action or expression and the context in which it occurs. In the figure of speech, emphasis is placed on the opposition between the literal and intended meaning of a statement; one Thing is said and its opposite implied as in the comment, “Beautiful whether isn’t it” made when it is raining or nasty. Ironic literature exploit, in addition to the rhetorical figure, such devices as character development, situation, and plot to stress the paradoxical nature  of reality or the contrast between an ideal and actual condition, set of circumstances, etc frequently in such a way as to stress the absurdity present in the contradiction between substance and form. Irony differs from sarcasm in greater subtlety and wit. In sarcasm ridicule or mockery is used harshly, often crudely and contemptuously, for destructive purposes. It may be used in an indirect manner, and have the form of irony, as in “What a fine musician you turned out to be!” or it may be used in the form of a direct statement, “You couldn’t play one piece correctly if you had two assistants.” The distinctive quality of sarcasm is present in the spoken word and manifested chiefly of by vocal inflection, whereas satire and irony, arising originally as literary and rhetorical forms, are exhibited in the organization or structuring of either language or literary material. Satire usually implies the use of irony or sarcasm for censorious or critical purposes and is often directed at public figures or institutions, conventional behavior, political situations, etc.

 

Irony Quotes