Features of organization of finance of enterprises of different patterns of ownership

      Formation and distribution of profit, mutual relation with the budget of the unitary enterprise are carried out in a generally established order.

      The unitary enterprise based on the operational administration right (the state enterprise), is created under the government decision. Its property is in state ownership. The enterprise answers under the obligations with all property. The government bears subsidiary responsibility under obligations of the state enterprise. The enterprise has the right to dispose of the property only with the consent of the proprietor. The state enterprise has the right to realize independently made production if other isn't established by the law. An order of distribution of incomes and profit are defined by the state. (6, 48)

 

      

     Chapter 3. Features of organization of finance of small business.

     Scales, the purposes, forms and kinds of activity of the enterprises make essential impact on a choice of sources of financing and their structure, profitability indicators, financial mutual relations with counterparts and etc. small-scale business Development was promoted by privatization process.

     Small enterprises are traditionally focused on current profit, are capable to react quickly to supply and demand, operatively to satisfy requirements for the goods, works and services. They form an original infrastructure of the market, create the competitive environment. Exists groups of a pas of branches where small-scale business can be the prevailing form of the organization of work, — first of all this service of the population.

     For business in insignificant scales the big accumulation not only because expensive production assets, but also because of rather high turnover of capital aren't required aren't necessary. But in formation of small enterprises the state support, as a rule, is necessary for them. It is caused in many respects by that small enterprises are focused basically on the mass consumer in the socially-focused spheres.

     Small enterprises aren't capable to act independently as initiators high technology, fund-intensive, power-intensive, resource-intensive and labor-consuming manufactures, therefore their value in economy can't be overestimated. They can effectively serve large manufactures on conditions of  subcategories that is widely applied in Japan and other countries. Receiving the concrete and accurately formulated tasks, necessary material resources, small enterprises are quickly reconstructed and adjust manufacture on release of new production, the goods and services. However this manufacture doesn't become mass and serial. The large companies including holding, have that conclusive advantage that new perspective workings out can finance act in a role of customers and creditors.

     Association of efforts large and small business is provided through system of subcontracts, a technological transfer, flexibility and efficiency increase. A direction of the industrial and financial capital on acceleration of development of leading branches of economy, support of social and housing sectors, creation of normal conditions for a competition have paramount value for growth of labor productivity and economic lifting. (14, 182)

     According to the current legislation the commercial organizations in which authorized capital stock the share of participation of the state, subjects, the public and religious organizations (associations), charitable and other funds doesn't exceed 25 % concern small enterprises, the share belonging to one or several legal bodies, not being subjects of small business, doesn't exceed 25 % and in which average number of workers for the accounting period doesn't exceed following marginal levels: in the industry, building and on transport — 100 persons; in agriculture and scientific and technical sphere — 60 persons; in wholesale trade — 50 persons; in retail trade and population consumer services — 30 persons; in other branches and at realization of other kinds of activity — 50 persons.

     The physical persons who are engaged in enterprise activity without formation of the legal person concern subjects of small business also.

     The small enterprises which are carrying out of some kinds of activity, so-called versatile, belong to that by criteria of that kind of the activity which share is the greatest in annual volume of a turn or annual volume of profit.

     The subject of small business receives the corresponding status from the moment of its state registration in enforcement authorities. The given position concerns and small enterprises — to founders of other small enterprises, and to again created small enterprises.

     Foreign legal bodies who though formally also answer criteria of reference to subjects of small business under the legislation, but are created according to the legislation of the foreign states, can't be considered as small enterprises under legislation of RK. The enterprises created according to the legislation in which authorized capital stock the share of one or several foreign legal bodies exceeds 25 %, and also the foreign legal bodies who are carrying out activity in RK through permanent mission, can't be carried to subjects of small business.

     The enterprises created according to the legislation and answering to criteria of reference to subjects of small business which founders are physical persons — citizens of the foreign states, are considered as small enterprises.

     Average for the accounting period number of workers of small enterprise is defined taking into account all its workers, including working under contracts of civil-law character and in combination taking into account really fulfilled time, and also workers of representations, branches and other isolated divisions of the specified legal person.

     The small enterprise which has exceeded established number, loses privileges for the period in which the specified excess, and the next three months was supposed.

     The state and local authorities have possibility to involve in enterprise activity the free earths and resources, uninhabited municipal fund, to influence the investment policy of small enterprises, mainly through grants and tax privileges.

     Small enterprises are most subject to a competition and bankruptcy, and this tendency should be considered. Many small enterprises are ruined. The rate of return received from various kinds of enterprise activity, essentially fluctuates that is reflected in financial stability of small-scale business. Only the diligent competition raises production efficiency, stimulates reduction of prices on the goods, enhances the responsibility manufacturers before consumers, expands spheres of service of the population. (15, 38)

 

      

     Chapter 4. Features of organization of finance of non-commercial organizations.

     Consumer cooperative societies, the public and religious organizations and associations, various funds, establishments, and also associations of legal bodies concern the noncommercial organizations.

     The noncommercial organizations are created for the sake of achievement of the purposes and problems of social character (charitable, educational, scientific, etc.)

     Forms of the noncommercial organizations: fund, establishment, the public and religious organization.

     The noncommercial organizations can use property available for them and to carry out enterprise activity only for achievement of the purposes of the organization, the noncommercial organizations between the participants don't distribute the got profit (income).

     The noncommercial organizations have essential distinctions, but they are united by a principle of a main objective of activity which isn't connected with profit extraction.

     Payments of participants in the noncommercial organizations are voluntary.

     The noncommercial organizations have essential financial differences from the commercial. The organization which does not have as a main objective extraction of profit and not distributing got profit between participants is noncommercial.

     The noncommercial organizations can carry out enterprise activity only so as far as it serves achievement of the purposes for the sake of which they are created.

     The legal bodies who are the noncommercial organizations, can be created in the form of consumer cooperative societies (consumer societies), the public and religious organizations (associations), funds, establishments, the charitable organizations (associations) and other forms provided by the law. (4, 57)

     Consumer cooperative society is voluntary association of citizens and legal bodies on the basis of membership for the purpose of satisfaction of material and other requirements of the participants, carried out by association by its members of property shares.

     The consumer cooperative society as the noncommercial organization according to the state code can be created in the form of cooperative society, the consumer union, a consumer society.

     The consumer society is created and operates on the basis of following principles:

     • the voluntary introduction into a consumer society and an exit from it;

     • a duty of payment of introductory and share payments;

     • democratic character of management of a consumer society;

     • mutual aid and maintenance to shareholders of an economic gain;

     • restriction of the sizes of cooperative payments;

     • availability of the information on activity of a consumer society to all shareholders;

     • care of fuller satisfaction of solvent demand of the population in consumer goods.

     Consumer societies are united in the regional, regional, republican unions, forming system of the organizations of consumers cooperative society.

     Consumers' cooperative society — socially focused organization. It promotes development of a social infrastructure in rural areas of the country, actively participates in the international cooperative movement, discussion of social problems.

     Activity of consumer cooperative society is financed not at the expense of the state budget, and mainly at the expense of introductory and shares of members of cooperative society.

     Sources of financial resources of a consumer society are:

     • introductory and shares of shareholders;

     • the profit received from trading and other activity;

     • the extra and involved money resources received as the state support.

     The incomes of a consumer society received from trading and other activity, after entering of obligatory payments into the budget go to funds of a consumer society and on cooperative payments.

     In consumer cooperative society monetary funds are formed: share fund; the indivisible; consumers' cooperative society developments; reserve and other funds according to the charter of a consumer society.

     The public and religious organizations (associations) voluntary associations of citizens on the basis of a generality of interests for satisfaction of spiritual and other non-material requirements admit.

     Fund the noncommercial organization not having membership founded by citizens and (or) legal bodies on the basis of voluntary property payments admits.

     Fund financial resources are formed of the means transferred to fund by its founders.

     Funds are engaged in the enterprise activity corresponding to the authorized purposes. For this purpose funds create economic societies or participate in them. Funds are obliged to publish annually reports on use of the property.

     Supervision of fund activity, acceptance by bodies of fund of decisions and maintenance of their execution, use of means, legislation observance carries out a fund board of guardians. The fund board of guardians works on public principles.

     Establishment the organization created by the proprietor for realization of administrative, welfare and other functions of noncommercial character and financed by the founder in full or in part admits.

     Establishments have the estimate confirmed by proprietors, and answer under the obligations with money resources at their disposal. At their insufficiency subsidiary responsibility under establishment obligations is born by its proprietor.

     The public institutions created and financed by proprietors, concerning the property fixed to them carry out the operational administration right. (7, 81)

     In Kazakhstan are created and inter-regional, regional and local public associations operate. In the absence of profit in the noncommercial organization its financing is carried out by participants (founders) or other proprietors. Financial features of the noncommercial organizations are defined by the state code and the law «About the noncommercial organizations.

      In our country were extended different forms noncommercial charitable the organizations.

      1. The charitable public organization represents the voluntary public association of citizens based on membership on the basis of a generality of interests for joint realization of charities.

      2. Welfare fund — the charitable organization which does not have memberships, founded physical or legal bodies on the basis of voluntary property payments and pursuing the charitable, social and other socially useful purposes fixed in the charter.

      3. Charitable establishment — the establishment created for the decision of problems of charity by the proprietor, financing it in full or in part and fixing property as an operational administration.

      4. Charitable association (union) — voluntary association of charitable public organizations, funds.

      The state code for the noncommercial charitable organizations doesn't provide necessity of formation of the authorized capital stock, at the same time registering public authorities demand its entering for those organizations which are created at the expense of means of founders.

      In the course of realization of the authorized purposes the noncommercial charitable organizations use money resources and other property which sources of formation can be divided on two groups:

      • target receipts in the monetary and natural form;

      • incomes of enterprise activity.

      Target receipts make introductory and membership dues for public associations, their unions and associations of the charitable organizations based on membership. At the expense of them administrative expenses are defrayed.

      Membership dues concern regular receipts from founders. The legislation doesn't provide requirements to an order of gathering and the size of payments. The size of payments and transfers is defined by constituent documents or the decision of controls or according to the decision of the proprietor (for establishments).

      The form of granting of the state and municipal means for financing of activity of the charitable organizations has direct or indirect character. Direct financing is a payment of the social order which is carried out by the noncommercial organization; indirect financing is carried out in the form of granting of tax privileges.

      Incomes of enterprise activity of the charitable organization can be from manufacture of the goods, rendering of services, out of realized operations.

      Trade unions — the mass democratic organizations of the workers united on the basis of the general interests by the nature of their activity in manufacture, sphere of service, culture, management. The finance of trade unions keeps all lines of the finance of the noncommercial organizations, but has the specificity following from the purposes of activity of trade unions.

      Financial assets of trade unions are formed of introductory and monthly membership dues, receipts from cultural and educational and other sources.

      Trade unions for realization of authorized functions use own, and also the involved and extra money resources.

      Membership dues, incomes of activity of own organizations and establishments concern own means of the trade-union organizations. In incomes of the trade-union organizations membership dues make more than 2 % of their total volume. The size of membership dues from each member of trade union is established at a rate of 1 %.

      Finance of the trade-union organizations is the closed redistributive relations between their members, the separate primary, branch, territorial trade-union organizations at the decision of authorized problems and performance of the purposes of trade unions.

      Finance of trade unions and the organizations entering into this system, establishments, the enterprises develop of three groups of financial relations. The first group are the relations arising between the trade-union organizations and their members, having bilateral character: members of trade unions pay introductory and membership dues and receive material aid from trade unions. The second group is made by financial relations of trade unions with the enterprises, the organizations, establishments on charges on a salary and deductions in favor of trade unions on carrying out of cultural-mass work, etc. the Third group are relations in system of trade unions.

      Trade unions possess full financial independence and don't bear before the state budget any obligations on the primary activity (except own organizations belonging to trade unions which bring in the budget tax payments on the same level with all organizations).

      Trade unions apply budget financing with use of redistribution of own means between links of trade-union system. Estimates of incomes and expenses of the trade-union organizations are made at all levels of trade-union system.

      The right of distribution of money resources of trade unions belongs to the selected trade-union bodies which bear responsibility for timely receipt of means, their safety and correct use under the estimate. (8, 324)

 

     Conclusion.

     Finance takes a special place in economic relations. Their specificity is shown that they always act in the monetary form, have distributive character and reflect formation and use of various types of income and accumulation of subjects of economic activities of sphere of production of goods, the state and participants of non-productive sphere.

     Finance of the enterprises, being a part of the general system of financial relations, reflect process of formation, distribution and use of incomes in the enterprises of various branches of a national economy and are closely connected with business as the enterprise is the form of enterprise activity. In the course of a term paper writing tasks in view have been executed and the purpose is reached.