Возобновляемые источники энергии

МИНИСТЕРСТВО  ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ  УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО  ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

Кафедра Иностранных языков 
 
 
 
 
 

Реферирование по английскому языку на тему:

«Возобновляемые источники энергии» 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Выполнил:

Ст гр. 0030

Глотов  А.А.

Проверил:

Томилина  Е.В

Renewable sources of energy

       Ukraine is an energy-rich republic. It has resources of coal, gas and oil. However, there continues to be a shortfall between domestic primary energy production and demand as a result of low investment in domestic capacity. Approximately one-third of Ukraine's primary energy is sourced from coal, while another third is from gas. Nuclear power plays an important role in electricity production, providing 30-40% of electricity supply.

       In 1993 renewable energy resources accounted for less than 1% of primary energy demand. This was mainly accounted by the use of large scale hydro to produce electricity, and wood used as a domestic heating fuel. There has been little development of renewable energy due to historically low fossil fuel prices and no need to consider security of energy supply. There has been significant research and development carried out in Ukraine, in particularly wind power and solar power. However, these markets have barely developed beyond demonstration systems.

       There is considerable renewable resource in Ukraine, but today this has not been widely developed. As fuel prices are raised to market levels and government implements programmes to support and promote renewable energy and energy efficiency, the future role for renewable energy is considerable. In 1996 the National Energy Programme was adopted in Ukrainian parliament, in which much attention is paid to wind, solar and geothermal energy as well as various biomass resources. Particularly the Ukrainian wind fund is designed to support the implementation of 100MW of capacity each year with a target of 2000MW by 2010. The government has also passed a resolution to assist the development of geothermal electric power, which aims to expand installed capacity to 6000 MW over ten years.

       Renewable energy technologies should be convenient to use and be economically competitive. They should be long-lasting and their installation and operation should not seriously disrupt human settlements or sensitive ecosystems. Finally, they should generate considerably more energy over a lifetime than is invested in their construction and operation.

       Following the Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986, there were numerous energy efficiency studies carried out in Ukraine. These studies developed by institutions such as the World Bank and the European Union have shown a huge potential for energy savings. The Ukrainian government has also set up a State Committee on Energy Conservation which has the task of coordinating and implementing a national energy savings strategy. In it’s draft document for a ‘Comprehensive Energy Efficiency Programme’, the Committee has shown that 42-48% of Ukraine’s total energy consumption (using 1990 as a base load) could be avoided.

       A balanced energy policy for any country should aim at energy efficiency with a long-term programme of implementation of renewable sources of energy. Energy from the wind, the sun and the water is constantly available and produces few environmental problems compared with other sources of energy. The treatment of wastes such as biomass, extracting ‘geothermal’ energy from the earth and small-scale hydroelectric schemes also offer good possibilities.

       The official view from many governments around the world, however, is that renewable energy will be unable to provide more than a small proportion of our energy. This pessimistic perception is directly related to the lack of funding which has been made available for research and development. The key to success is good planning and a complimentary mix of renewable energy sources. The role that renewable energy sources could play in Central and Eastern Europe is severely underestimated by decision makers.

       The Ukrainian authorities are in favour of wind energy. Development of wind energy technologies and utilization of wind resources are component to it’s electricity policy. The Ministry of Power and Electrification set a goal of the year 2010 of putting into operation a wind power production capacity providing not less than 5% of the electricity production of Ukraine, the equivalent of 15TWh. This is a good start, but does not go far enough.  

    Donuzlav Wind Power Plant, Crimea, Ukraine

       The Ukrainian government has been supportive of wind power since it became clear that it might be an economical alternative to imported electricity. It recently introduced a 0.75% tax on electricity sales to help finance Ukrainian environmental projects, industrial restructuring for wind turbine manufacture, and wind plant construction.

       Windenergo is a joint venture, set up in 1992 by a group of companies including an American wind turbine manufacturer, Kenetech Windpower, and the Crimean electricity utility, Crimenergo. Largely because the weak Ukrainian economy precluded the direct purchase of costly western-made machines, Windenergo obtained a license from Kenetech to manufacture 107.5 kW turbines – "Ukrainian machines"– based on the US model. Five such turbines were made in 1993 using almost exclusively Ukrainian components, and a pilot plant was set up to demonstrate the capabilities of the technology.

       The site of the Crimea Wind Plant, near Evpatoria, Lake Donuzlav, is ideal for wind power, with flat ground, open space, and plenty of wind. The original plant of three turbines has expanded considerably, and at present there are up to 50 wind turbines in operation at the site, with a total capacity of 50 MW. There are also plans to manufacture a new generation of 400-kW turbines and expand the plant’s capacity to 500 MW.

       Many of the plant’s staff are former officers from the Donuzlav Naval Base: maintenance and manufacture of turbine equipment involves the conversion and use of the resources of the old USSR military set-up. The Windenergo project is thus an example of military-industrial conversion and privatisation for renewable energy technologies in the former USSR. It demonstrates the potential of renewable energy to address several of Ukraine’s problems: defence industry conversion; resource conservation; an alternative to Chernobyl nuclear plant; attraction of western investment, and development of internationally-competitive enterprise as a means of achieving economic reform.

       Windenergo shows the feasibility of collaboration between US companies and former Soviet states.The US partners have invested about US$7 million; the Ukrainian government has also contributed sub- stantially. The cost of electricity production is approximately 2.3 cents/kWh, while the average cost of conventional electricity production in Ukraine is 2.8 cents/kWh. The time taken for each turbine produced to pay for itself in electricity output is estimated at four-five years. Up to March 1st 1997, Donuzlav Wind Power Plant has produced 5,013,690kWh, saving an estimated 1,820 tonnes of conventional fuel.

       There is great potential for wind power energy in Ukraine. If, for instance, the 2,700 sq.km. of shallow waters in the Black and Asov Seas were used for wind turbines, this would cover the entire electricity consumption of Ukraine. The main features of the Ukrainian energy economy are the wide range and the significance of domestic production, especially of coal, gas and nuclear power. Despite Ukraine’s relatively high levels of production and reserves of oil and gas, and despite significant exports, the level of energy imports is still very high. The energy prices for the consumer, especially in the domestic sector, have historically been far below world prices of the equivalent energy products, as a result of the political characteristics of the command economy.

       The above issues and the economic situation of the country have important implications for renewable energy, that in many respects discourage the development of policies that would promote the use of renewable resources. Despite the Chernobyl accident and the nuclear moratorium, there is no shortage of power generation or heat production capacity, and therefore, no immediate pressure for renewables. The very low levels of energy efficiency in all energy using sectors mean that the financial returns from investments in energy saving are likely to be greater than those from investments in renewables. However, there are several factors in favour of renewables, like public awareness of the environmental and related health problems afflicting Ukraine, the reliance on imported energy and others.

       The renewable energy sources have not received much attention within the Ukrainian energy economy until recently. Their potential, with the exception of large scale hydro, is hardly recognised. In general, the renewable energy systems that have been employed in Ukraine have been pilot and experimental projects, mainly on solar and wind.

       Solar data is available from the 200 meteorological stations and figures show that there is a significant and potentially viable solar resource, which is limited to the Black Sea and its hinterland, and the Crimea.

       There are about 40 solar thermal installations with a total installed solar collector surface of 10.000 m². Most are flat plate collectors for demonstration projects, providing hot water for a wide range of multi-storeyed buildings, but also for kindergartens, cattle breeding farms, experimental houses, and pre-heat for power stations, where it is thought that they would save 8-12% of the fuel. The end use is split about equally between space heating and domestic hot water.

       A 5 MW steam based power station is already operating with an output of only 2 Mwe; another one of 2 Mwe of solar tower type is also operating. Ukraine was the centre of the former Soviet Union’s programme on solar thermal water heating developments, with Kiev’s Zonal Scientific Research Institute of Typical and Experimental Design of Residential and Public Buildings co-ordinating the activities of over 50 organisations (starting in the early 1960s). The total production by the time of independence was about 100.000 m², most of which has been used in Khazakstan.

       Over the last few years, there has been a shift away from active solar towards passive solar. In general, it was found that active solar thermal is not financially viable, although the search for cheaper and higher quality systems continues, with greater emphasis on cost and quality than was the case before independence  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Перевод

      Украина – энергетически богатая  страна. Она имеет ресурсы угля, газа и нефти. Однако   продолжается  нехватка между внутренним первичным  производством энергии и спросом  в результате низких инвестиций  во внутренние способности. Приблизительно  одна треть первичной энергии  Украины получаеться от угля, в то время как другая треть от газа. Ядерная энергия играет важную роль в производстве электричества, обеспечивая 30-40 % поставки электричества.

       В 1993 возобновляемые источники  энергии составляли меньше чем  1 % первичного спроса энергии.  Это главным образом считалось  при помощи крупного масштаба  гидро, чтобы произвести электричество, и древесины, используемой как внутреннее топливо нагревания. Было небольшое развитие возобновляемой энергии из-за исторически низких цен на твердое топливо и никакой потребности рассмотреть безопасность поставки энергии. Были существенные научные исследования, выполненные в Украине, особенно энергии ветра и солнечной энергии. Однако, эти рынки только развились вне систем демонстрации.

       Есть значительный возобновляемый  ресурс в Украине, но сегодня  это еще не сильно развито.  Поскольку цены на топливо  подняты к рыночным и приняты правительственные программы, чтобы поддержать и продвинуть эффективность возобновляемой энергии, будущая роль для возобновляемой энергии значительна. В 1996 национальная Программа Энергии была принята в Украинском парламенте, в котором большое внимание уделяется  ветру, солнечной и геотермической энергии так же как различным ресурсам биомассы. Особенно Украинский фонд ветра предназначен, чтобы поддержать выполнение 100МВ вместимости каждый год с целью 2000МВ к 2010 году. Правительство также передало решение, чтобы помочь развитию геотермической электроэнергии, которая стремится расширять установленную способность к 6000 МВТ более чем десять лет.

       Возобновляемые энергетические  технологии должны быть удобны  в использовании и экономически  конкурентоспособны. Они должны  быть долговечны и их установка,  и работа не должна серьезно  разрушить человеческие поселения  или чувствительные экосистемы. Наконец, они должны произвести  значительно больше энергии за  время работы, чем инвестируется в их строительство и действие.

       После несчастного ядерного случая  в Чернобыле  в 1986, были многочисленные  изучения эффективности энергии  выполнены в Украине. Эти изучения, развитые учреждениями типа Мирового  Банка и Европейского союза  показали огромный потенциал  за сбережения энергии. Украинское  правительство также настроило  Госкомитет на Сохранении Энергии,  которое имеет задачу координирования  и осуществления национальной  стратегии сбережений энергии.  В этом проектном документе  проекта ‘Всесторонней Программы  Эффективности Энергии ’, Комитет  показал, что 42-48 % полного потребления  энергии Украины (использующий 1990 как базовая нагрузка) можно было  бы избежать.

       Сбалансированная энергетическая  политика для любой страны  должна стремиться к эффективности  энергии с долгосрочной программой  выполнения возобновляемых источников  энергии. Энергия от ветра,  солнца и воды постоянно доступна  и производит немного экологических  проблем по сравнению с другими  источниками энергии. Обработка  отходов типа биомассы, извлечение  геотермальной энергии от земли  и маленького масштаба гидроэлектрические  схемы также предлагает хорошие  возможности. 

       Официальное представление от  многих правительств во всем  мире то, что возобновляемая энергия  будет неспособной обеспечить  больше чем маленькая пропорция  наших потребностей  в энергии.  Это пессимистическое восприятие  непосредственно связано с недостатком  финансирования, которое было сделано  доступным для научных исследований. Ключ к успеху - хорошее планирование  и приветственное соединение  возобновляемых источников энергии. Роль, которую возобновляемые источники энергии могли играть в Центральной и Восточной Европе, строго недооценена для изготовителей решений.

       Украинские власти поддерживают  энергию ветра. Развитие технологий  энергии ветра и использования  ресурсов ветра является составляющая  политики электричества. Министерство  Энергетики и Электрификации  устанавливает цель до 2010 года  привести в действие производительность  энергии ветра, обеспечивающая  не меньше чем 5 % производства  электричества Украины, эквивалент 15МВ. Это - хорошее начало, но оно  не идет достаточно далеко.

    Донузлав Электростанция Ветра, Крым, Украина

       Украинское правительство было  благосклонно к энергии  ветра,  так как стало ясно, что это  могла бы быть экономичная  альтернатива к импортированному  электричеству. До недавнего времени вводился налог на 0.75 % на продажи электричества, чтобы помогать финансировать Украинские экологические проекты, индустриальное реструктурирование для изготовления турбины ветра, и строительства завода ветра.

       Ветроэнерго - совместное предприятие, построенное в 1992 группой компаний, включая американского изготовителя турбины ветра- Кенетеч Виндпауэр и Крымэнерго-крымского полезного электричества. В значительной степени, потому что слабая Украинская экономика(экономия) устранила прямую закупку дорогостоящих западных машин Ветроэнерго получил лицензию от Кенетеча, чтобы произвести 107.5 kW турбин – "Украинские машины" – основанный на американской модели. Пять таких турбин были сделаны, в 1993 используя, почти исключительно Украинские компоненты, и экспериментальный завод был настроен, чтобы демонстрировать способности технологии.