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Great Britain or United Kingdom, officially United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland, a parliamentary monarchy in northwestern
Europe. The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Wales,
Scotland and Northern Ireland.
РЕФЕРАТ
ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ
ЯЗЫКУ
НА ТЕМУ
ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНИЯ
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ВОЛГОГРАД
1998.
Great Britain or United Kingdom, officially United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland, a parliamentary monarchy in northwestern
Europe. The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Wales,
Scotland and Northern Ireland.
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Their capitals are London, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast respectively. The United Kingdom’s flag is the Union Jack. It’s red, white and blue. Each country also has a national ’’emblem’’ or sign. The English emblem is a red rose. The Welsh emblem is a vegetable or flower. The
Scottish emblem is a wild plant - a thistle. And the Irish emblem is another wild plant - a shamrock. It’s traditional in Britain to wear your country’s emblem on its saint’s day. The leek doesn’t go in a buttonhole, so the Welsh often wear a daffodil. These are Britain’s patron saints and their days. The Scots, Welsh and English don’t really celebrate their national saint’s days. But St. Patrick’s Day is important for Irish people all over the world. In New York, for example, the Irish people always have a big St. Patrick’s Day parade. Great Britain consists of England, Scotland and Wales and does not include Northern Ireland. But in everyday speech
‘Great Britain’ is
used to mean the United Kingdom. The capital of the UK is London.
London is one of the oldest and most interesting cities in the world.
Traditionally it is divided into several parts: the City, Westminster, the
West End and the East End.
They are very different from each other and seem to belong to different
towns and epochs.
The Tower of London is associate with many important events in the
British history. The Tower of London was founded by Julius Caesar and in
1066 rebuilt by William the
Conqueror. It was used as a fortress, a royal palace and a prison. Now
it is a museum.
Westminster Abbey- more correctly,
the Collegiate Church of St. Peter in Westminster- is the most famous
church in the English-speaking world and one of the world’s great
religious temples. Its stones and monuments tell a story of English
history over more than nine centuries. It houses the shrine of the only
English king to be recognised as a saint. Since 1066 it has been a Coronation
church.
Across the road from Westminster Abbey is Westminster Palace, or the
Houses of Parliament, the seat of the British Parliament. The Clock Tower of the Houses of Parliament is famous for its big hour bell, known as ’’Big
Ben’’.
Buckingham Palace is the official London residence of Her Majesty.
The Queen and as such is one
of the best known and most potent symbols of the British monarchy.
Buckingham House- the building now completely enveloped by Buckingham
Palace- was built for John, first Duke of Buckingham, between 1702 and
1705. It was sold to the Crown in 1762 his illegitimate son, Sir Charles
Sheffield, for the sum of
28000 pounds. Buckingham Palace is the Queen’s official London residence.
St. Paul’s Cathedral is Christopher Wren’s masterpiece. It was built since 1675 until 1709. It is crowned with a huge dome. Inside the dome there is a famous Whispering Gallery. There are many memorials in the
Cathedral, including memorials
to Wellington and Nelson.
London is noted for its museums and art galleries. Among them are the National Gallery, the Museum of London, the Museum of Mowing Image,
Madame Tussau’s Museum and
many others.
Britain has been many centuries
in the making. The Romans conquered most part of Britain, but were unable
to subdue the independent tribes in the West and the North. England
waged numerous colonial wars and was the empire for many centuries.
England was the first country were capitalism was established.
The UK is a highly developed industrial country. It is known as one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of machinery, electronics, textile, aircraft and navigation equipment. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding. The country is a world leader in international trade. In January 1973, Great Britain became a member of the European
Community(now called the European
Union). A primary question facing in the middle of 1990s is the terms
on which it will participate in the on-going financial and economic
integration of Europe.
Great Britain is country with old cultural traditions and customs.
The Queen is the only person in Britain with two birthdays. Her real birthday is on April 21st, but she has an ’’official’’ birthday, too.
That’s on the second Saturday in June. And on the Queen’s official birthday, there is a traditional ceremony called the Trooping of the
Colour. It’s a big parade with brass bands and hundreds of soldier at House
Guard’s Parade in London.
The most famous educational centers are Oxford and Cambridge
Universities. They are considered to be the intellectual centers of Europe.
The education is not free, it is very expensive. Cambridge is situated at a distance of 70 miles from London. It is one of the most beautiful towns in
England. The dominating factor
in Cambridge is its well-known University, a centre of education and
learning. A college is a place where you live no matter what profession
you are trained for: so students studying literature and those trained
for physics may belong to one and the same college. Every college is
headed by a dean. Oxford is one of the great English universities too.
Cambridge and Oxford are almost identical. They trace their long history
back to the same period. By the end of the thirteenth century both universities
already had colleges.
Every country and every nation has its own traditions and customs.
You cannot speak about England
without speaking about its traditions and customs. Englishmen are proud
of their traditions and carefully keep them up.
The English are stay-at-home
people. «There is no place like home», they say. When they don’t
work they like to spend their days off at home with their families.
They say that English people keep to their traditions even in meals.
Porridge is the dish Englishmen
are very fond of. Мany of them eat porridge with milk for breakfast.
As for the Scotch they never put sugar in their porridge, they always
put salt in it.
The English are tea-drinkers.
They have it many times a day. Some people have tea for breakfast, tea
in lunch time. Tea after dinner, tea at tea-time and tea with supper.
Pubs are an important part of British Life. People talk, eat, drink, meet their friends and relax there. The word ‘’pub’’ is short for ‘’public house’’. There are thousands in Britain. An important custom in pubs is
‘’buying a round’’. In a group, one person buys all the others a drink.
This is a ‘’round’’.
Then one by one all the other people buy rounds, too.
Pub names often have a long
traditions. Some come from the thirteenth or fourteenth century. Every
pub has a name and every pub has a sign above it is door. The sign shows
a picture of the pubs name.
Many British costumes and uniforms have a long history. One is the uniform of the Beefeaters at the Tower of London. This came first from
France. Another is the uniform
of the Horse Guards at Horse Guards’ Parade, not far from Buckingham
Palace. Thousands of visitors take photographs of the Horse Guards,
but the Guards never move or smile. In fact some visitors think the
Guards are not real.
Перевод.
Великобритания
или Соединенное Королевство
парламентская монархия в
Ирландии
расположено на Британских
Великобритания
состоит из четырех стран:
Северной Ирландии. Их столицы - Лондон, Эдинбург, Кардифф и Белфаст соответственно. Их общий флаг называется Union Jack. Каждая страна также имеет свою национальную эмблему. Английская эмблема это красная роза.
Эмблема Уэльса- овощ или цветок. Шотландская эмблема - дикое растение - чертополох. И Ирландская эмблема - другое дикое растение- клевер. Это традиция в Англии чтобы у страны был свой святой. Лук-порей не носят в петлице, поэтому часто вместо него носят бледно-желтый нарцисс. В
Великобритании есть святые и в каждой стране празднуются дни святых.
Шотландцы, жители
Уэльса и
Англичане по настоящему не празднуют свои национальные дни святых. Но
День Святого
Патрика очень важен для
Соединенное
Королевство.
Столица Великобритании-
Лондон. Лондон - один из самых
старых и наиболее интересных
городов в мире. Традиционно его делят
на несколько частей: the City, Westminster, the West
End and the East End. Они очень отличаются друг
от друга.
The Tower of London - ассоциируется
со многими важными событиями
в британской истории. The Tower of London
был основан Юлием Цезарем и в 1066 восстановлен
Вильямом Конкурером. Он использовался
как крепость, королевский дворец и тюрьма.
Теперь это- музей.
Вестминстерское
аббатство более правильно,
Вестминстере-
наиболее известная церковь в говорящем
на английском языке мире и один из самых
больших религиозных храмов мира. Камни
и памятники говорят о более чем девяти
вековой истории Англии. Она хранит останки
единственного короля признанного святым.
С 1066 года здесь происходят коронации.
Рядом с
Вестминстерским аббатством
Букингемский
Дворец - официальная лондонская
резиденция Ее Величества королевы. Королева-
это наиболее известный символ английской
монархии.
Букингемский
дом- который теперь
Чарльзом
Шеффилдом, за сумму 28000 фунтов
стерлингов.
Собор Святого
Петра- это шедевр Кристофера
Врена. Он был построен в
период с 1675 по 1709. Это здание
с огромным куполом. Внутри
купола находится известная
Нельсону.
Лондон также знаменит своими музеями и галереями. Среди них -
Национальная
Галерея, Музей Лондона, Музей,
Англия создавалась
много столетий подряд. Католики
завоевали большую часть
ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНИЯ - высоко разработанная индустриальная страна. Она является одним из самых больших производителей и экспортеров мира. Одна из главных отраслей промышленности страны судостроение. Страна- мировой лидер в международной торговле. В январе 1973, Великобритания стала членом
Европейского
экономического Сообщества(
Союзом). Первичный вопрос, стоящий перед Великобританией в середине 1990-х годов- это участие в продолжающейся финансовой и экономической интеграции
Европы.
Великобритания
- страна со старыми культурными
традициями. Королева- единственный
человек в Англии который
Наиболее
известные образовательные
Кембриджа и Оксфорда. Они являются интеллектуальными центрами Европы.
Образование
в университетах платное.
- место, где Вы живете и учитесь независимо от того, что вы изучаете.
Каждый колледж
возглавляется настоятелем.
Оксфорд-
это один из больших
Каждая страна
и каждая нация имеет
Англичане домоседы. Нет лучше места, чем родной дом- говорят они.
Когда они
не работают они проводят
Говорят что
англичане хранят традиции
Англичане-
большие любители чая. Они