Strategic Management and Planning at a Level of Firm

                                      Федеральное агентство по образованию

Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего  профессионального образования               

               Российский Государственный Университет  Инновационных Технологий и              

                                               Предпринимательства 

(Северный Филиал)

                                                                                                            Управление инновациями. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Реферат по дисциплине: Английский язык

На тему:«Strategic Management and Planning at a Level of Firm»

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

       Великий Новгород 2010 год 

I. INTRODUCTION

The problem of the enterprise will be to master the new markets, to satisfy needs of clients. Simultaneously she is also a problem of a management, management. Successes and failures of the enterprise is first of all successes and failures of management. If the enterprise works badly, unprofitably, his new owner changes not workers, and a management. Management means the organization of work of collective. Work at the enterprise should be organized so that she in the maximal degree corresponded to needs of employees and allowed to speed up their work and to raise its efficiency. Making of any decisions, managers should mean constantly not only high profitability of firm, but also a problem of existence of the employees, and also consumers for the sake of which the firm exists also which satisfaction of needs really is caused with necessity of functioning of firm and work of its managers. Any accepted decision should testify in long prospect to economic advantage of the enterprise. Well, and that yields good results only at present time and for the near future, and in the separate period threatens existence of the enterprise, it is necessary to regard as erroneous. Maintenance of existence of firm in the market can be counted the main task of management. In this connection to strategic management in his work is attached great importance.

II. MANAGEMENT. KINDS OF THE PURPOSES

Management is an independent kind of professionally carried out activity directed on achievement during any economic activities of firm, working in the market conditions, the certain planned purposes by rational use material and a manpower. Here the firm is guided by demand and needs of the market; constantly aspires to increase of a production efficiency, i.e. to reception of optimum results with smaller expenses, aspires to the economic independence providing freedom of decision-making by that who bears the responsibility for an end result of activity of firm.

The concept of management as includes constant updating of the purposes and programs depending on a condition of the market (and results of this activity are shown already in the market during an exchange) and necessity of use of modern information system with computer technics.

Management - as assumes an independent kind of professional work, that the manager is independent of the property on the capital of firm in which it works. Work of the manager is the productive work arising in conditions of a combination of hi-tech manufacture with a high level of specialization of workers, providing communication and unity of all production.

Any situation arising in managerial process, is a problem for the manager and demands from him decision-making and, in particular, concerning change of the purposes and the program of actions. It concerns both intrafirm manufacture, and production management and management of the personnel. Any administrative decision grows out a feedback with the market and other elements of an environment.

Administrative decisions are accepted on the basis of the information received and processable during preparation of decisions. The administrative decision is subject to realization and the control over his execution. The manager should not only choose measures of influence and means of the control, but also to consider variants of decisions concerning their practical practicability in given concrete conditions. Process of functioning of a control system includes work on its perfection and rationalization as modern management is based on rational ways of decision-making.

To the problems decided in management, concern: 1) definition of specific goals of development of firm; 2) revealing of a priority of the purposes, their sequences and sequence of the decision; that is development of strategy of development of firm: economic problems and ways of their decision; 3) development of system of actions for the decision of planned problems for the various time periods; definition of necessary resources and sources of their maintenance; 4) an establishment of the control over performance of problems. 
Management depending on kinds and can be divided sequences of activity into 3 stages: 1) strategic management (includes development of the purpose of management, forecasting as a prediction of results of development, forward planning as system of the measures necessary for overcoming of a deviation of predicted results from the established purpose); 2) operative management (activity on realization of the above-stated measures); 3) the control (includes the analysis of the achieved results - a feedback - and acts as a starting point of a new cycle of management).

Development of economic policy of firm assumes definition of the purposes of activity of firm and strategy of its development on the nearest and distant prospect, proceeding from potential opportunities of firm and security its corresponding resources. By development of strategic positions of firm usually use the certain parameters, as qualitative - reference points - more remote purpose, and quantitative - tasks.

Between these parameters there is an interrelation: strategy, developed top-level, becomes the purpose and a reference point in local control links. In this connection it is necessary to distinguish. 
* The PURPOSES the GENERAL. Reflect the concept of development of firm and are developed on long prospect and define the basic directions of the program of development of firm. Here there is a ranging by a principle of a priority under the following scheme: а) Maintenance of the maximal profitability at an available set of kinds of the activity, determined by the following parameters: a sales volume, a level and rate of return, rates of an annual gain of a sales volume and the profit, the income on one action, a share in the market, structure of the capital, a level of the dividend, the sum of the paid salary, a degree of quality of production; b) Maintenance of stability of position of firm as the purposes of a global policy on the following directions: charges on research and development of new products; potential of competitiveness; an investment policy; personnel selection; the decision of social questions; c) Development of new directions of the development, new kinds of activity of firm that assumes development of a structural policy, vertical integration, purchases and merges; development of information systems; definition of concrete firms which actions are subject to purchase; development of new kinds of products.

The SPECIFIC PURPOSES. Are developed within the framework of overall aims by the basic kinds of activity in each industrial branch of firm and can be expressed in quantitative and quality indicators: a) Definition of profitability on each separate division acting as the center of the profit. The profit level can be established in absolute parameters (usually in currency of the country of basing) and as planned targets on every year or on the end of the scheduled period. Paramount value is given to rate of return. At calculation of this parameter on the invested capital last is defined differently: 1) own capital minus obligations; 2) own means plus long-term a duty; 3) the basic means minus amortization. b) Other specific purposes. Are characterized under the purposes and are usually established not only in absolute planned targets, but also by definition of directions of development in functional areas (on marketing, in the field of scientific researches and development, on manufacture, in the field of the finance; c) The purposes of branches and the affiliated companies, formed by usually parent company, are reduced to the following: increase in sales and rates of growth of the company; increase of a share of the company in the market; growth of the profit; the contribution of branch to development of economy of a host country (growth of export, growth of a share of the local market in supply of branch by raw material and semifinished items). 
At the present stage of development growing value gets perfection of economic methods of management. In this connection the increasing value is given to development of global strategy of the firm based on long-term and stable orientation of manufacture of concrete kinds of production on the certain markets, i.e. strategic planning. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

III. STRATEGIC PLANNING

The concept "planning" includes definition of the purposes and ways of their achievement. In the West planning of activity of the enterprises is carried out on such important directions, as selling, the finance, manufacture and purchases. Thus, certainly, all private plans are interconnected among themselves.

Process of planning passes four stages: * development of overall aims; * definition of the concrete, detailed purposes for set, rather short period of time (2,5,10 years); * definition of ways and means of their achievement; * the control over achievement of objects in view by comparison of planned targets with actual.

Planning always is guided by the data of the past, but aspires to define and supervise development of the enterprise in the long term. Therefore reliability of planning depends on accuracy and correctness of accounting calculations of the past. Any planning of the enterprise is based on the incomplete data. Quality of planning in the greater degree depends on an intellectual level of competent employees, managers. All plans should be made so that it was possible to make changes to them, and plans were interconnected with available conditions. Therefore plans comprise the so-called reserves differently called " extra charges of safety ", however too big reserves do plans inexact, and small entail often changes of the plan. In a basis of scheduling on concrete directions of industrial sites of the enterprise separate problems which are defined both in monetary, and in quantity indicators are put. Thus planning should make a start from so-called bottlenecks: recently it is selling, the finance or a labour.  
Strategic planning represents a set of actions and the decisions undertaken by a management which conduct to development of specific strategy. These strategy are intended to help the organizations to reach the purposes. Process of strategic planning is the tool, assisting to provide a basis for operation of business. His problem will be, that in a sufficient measure to provide innovations and changes in the organization of the enterprise. So, allocate four basic kinds of administrative activity within the framework of process of strategic planning: * distribution of resources, basically limited, such as funds, administrative talents, technological experience; * adaptation to an environment (all actions of strategic character which improve attitudes of the company with its environment. Here it is necessary to reveal possible variants and to provide the effective adaptation of strategy to surrounding conditions. Such activity can pass by perfection of industrial systems, interaction with the government and a society as a whole, etc.); * internal coordination (coordination of strategic activity for display strong and weaknesses of firm with the purpose of achievement of effective integration of internal operations); * comprehension of organizational strategy (realization of regular development of thinking of managers by formation of the organization which can study on the last strategic mistakes, i.e. ability to study on experience).

1. Essence, functions of strategic planning

Strategy represents a detailed all-round comprehensive plan. It should be developed more likely from the point of view of prospect of all corporation, instead of the concrete individual. Seldom when the founder of firm presumes to combine personal plans from strategy of the organization. Strategy assumes development of the proved measures and plans of achievement of the planned purposes in which the scientific and technical potential of firm and its industrial-marketing needs should be taken into account. The strategic plan should be proved by extensive researches and the fact sheet. Therefore it is necessary to be engaged constantly in gathering and the analysis of huge quantity of the information on branches of a national economy, the market, a competition, etc. Besides the strategic plan gives to firm definiteness, individuality which allow it to involve the certain types of workers and help to sell products or services. Strategic plans should be developed so that they remained not only complete during long time, but also kept flexibility. The general strategic plan should be considered as the program directing activity of firm during the long period of time, in view of constant updatings in connection with constantly varying business and social conditions.

Strategic planning in itself does not guarantee success, and the organization creating strategic plans, can fail because of mistakes in the organization, motivation and the control. Nevertheless formal planning can create a number of essential favorable factors for the organization of activity of the enterprise. The knowledge of that the organization wants to reach, helps to specify the most suitable ways of action. Making of the proved and systematized scheduled decisions, the management reduces risk of acceptance of the wrong decision because of erroneous or a unreliable information about opportunities of the organization or about an external situation. Planning helps to create unity of an overall aim inside the organization.

Formation of the strategic plan represents careful, regular preparation for the future, carried out by the top management: 1.) the Choice of mission. Formation of the purposes (long-term, intermediate term, short-term). 2.) Development of providing plans (a policy, strategy, procedures, rules, budgets).

2. The purposes of the organization

One of the most essential decisions at planning is the choice of the purpose of the organization. The basic overall aim of the organization is designated as mission, and all other purposes are developed for its realization. Value of mission cannot be exaggerated. The produced purposes serve as criteria for all subsequent process of acceptance of administrative decisions. If heads do not know the basic purpose of the organization they will not have a logic reference point for a choice of the best alternative. As a basis only individual values of the head that would lead to disorder of efforts and an illegibility of the purposes could serve. Mission details the status of firm and provides a direction and reference points for definition of the purposes and strategy on various levels of development. Formation of mission includes: * finding-out by what enterprise activity is engaged firm; * definition of working principles of firm under pressure of an environment; * revealing of culture of firm.

In mission of firm for creation of clientele the problem of definition of basic needs of consumers and their effective satisfaction also enters into support of firm in the future.

Frequently heads of firms consider, that their basic mission - reception of the profit. Really, satisfying any internal need, the firm finally can survive. But, to earn profit, it is necessary for firm to watch Wednesday of the activity, taking into account thus valuable approaches to concept of the market. Mission represents extreme value for the organization, it is impossible to forget about values and the purposes of the top management.

The general firm purposes are formed and established on the basis of the general mission of the organization and the certain values and the purposes by which the top management is guided. * the Concrete and measurable purposes (it allows to create precise base of readout for the subsequent decisions and estimations of a course of work). * Orientation of the purposes in time (here it is necessary to understand not only, that the firm wants to carry out but also when the result should be achieved). * Achievement of the purpose (serves increase of efficiency of the organization); the establishment of difficultly achievable purpose can lead to catastrophic results. The supporting mutually purposes (actions and the decisions necessary for achievement of one purpose, should not prevent achievement of other purposes).

The purposes will be a significant part of process of strategic management only in the event that the top management correctly will formulate them, is effective institutional, will inform on them and stimulates their realization in all organization.

3. An estimation and the analysis of an environment

After an establishment of the mission and the purposes the administration begins a diagnostic stage of process of strategic planning. On this way a first step is research of an environment: * an estimation of the changes influencing various aspects of the current strategy; * definition of the factors representing threat for the current strategy of firm; the control and the analysis of activity of competitors; * definition of the factors representing more of an opportunity for achievement of the general firm purposes by updating of plans.  
The analysis of an environment helps to supervise external in relation to firm factors, to receive the important results (time for system engineering the early prevention on a case of possible threats, time for forecasting opportunities, time for scheduling on a case of unforeseen circumstances and time for development of strategy). For this purpose it is necessary to find out, where there is an organization where she should be in the future and that for this purpose should make a management. And opportunities with which the firm collides, it is possible to allocate threats into seven areas: 1. Economic forces. Some factors in an economic environment should be diagnosed and estimated constantly since the condition of economy influences the purposes of firm. These are rates of inflation, the international balance of payments, occupation levels, etc. Each of them can represent either threat, or a new opportunity for the enterprise. 2. Political factors. Active participation of enterprise firms in political process is the instruction on importance of a state policy for the organization; hence, the state should watch normative documents of local bodies, authorities of subjects of the state and the Federal Government. 3. Market factors. The market environment represents constant danger to firm. To the factors influencing successes and failures of the organization, distribution of incomes of the population, a level of a competition in the branches, changing demographic conditions, ease of penetration on the market concern. 4. Technology factors. The analysis of the technological environment can take into account at least changes in "know-how", application of the COMPUTER in designing and granting of the goods and services or successes in technology of a communication facility. The head of any firm should watch not undergoing to " a shock of the future ", destroying the organization. 5. Factors of a competition. Any organization should investigate actions of the competitors: the analysis of the future purposes and an estimation of the current strategy of competitors, the review of preconditions concerning competitors and branches in which the given companies function, the profound studying strong and weaknesses of competitors. 6. Factors of social behaviour. These factors include varying attitudes, expectations and customs of a society (a role of business, a role of women and national minorities in a society, movement in protection of interests of consumers). 7. The international factors. The management of the firms working in the international market, should estimate and supervise constantly changes in this wide environment.  
The analysis of an environment allows the organization to create the list of dangers and opportunities with which she collides this Wednesday. For successful planning the management should have full representation not only about essential external problems, but also about internal potential opportunities and lacks of the organization.

4. Administrative research of internal factors of firm

The management of the firm should find out, whether the firm possesses internal forces to take advantage of external opportunities, and whether there are at it weaknesses which can complicate the problems connected to external dangers. This process refers to as administrative inspection. It represents a methodical estimation of functional zones of the firm, intended for its revealing strategically strong and weaknesses. Inspection includes such functions, as marketing, book keeping, operations (manufacture), human resources, culture and an image of corporation. At inspection of function of marketing it is necessary to pay attention to seven areas of the analysis: 1) competitiveness and a desirable share of the market in percentage to his general capacity, being the essential purpose for the company; 2) variety and quality of assortment of products which are constantly supervised and estimated by the top management; 3) market demographic statistics, the control over changes in the markets and in interests of consumers; 4) market researches and development of the new goods and services; 5) preselling and after the selling servicing being one weak places in business; 6) effective selling, advertising and promotion of the goods (the aggressive, competent group of people which market the goods, can appear the most valuable condition of firm; creatively directed advertising and promotion of the goods serves as good addition to assortment of products); 7) profit (anything, even the best, does not appear worth if in result there is no profit).