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The aim of the research work is to analyze the reasons of the frequency of the use of Present Perfect and Past Simple verb forms on the example of American and British fiction and to identify this frequency.
Objectives are:
- to study the definition and characteristics of the category of tense of English verbs;
- to examine the peculiarities of Present Perfect and Past Simple;
- to compare the frequency of the use of Present Perfect Tense and the Past Simple Tense in American and British English and to identify the average ratio of Present Perfect to Past Indefinite.
20) “Hugh says, rather extravagantly, for they have known each other as children.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
21) “They have just come up — unfortunately — to see doctors.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
22) “Other people came to see pictures…” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
23) “Times without number Clarissa have visited Evelyn Whitbread in a nursing home.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
24) “Evelyn was a good deal out of sorts, said Hugh, intimating by a kind of pout or swell of his very well-covered, manly, extremely handsome, perfectly upholstered body that his wife had some internal ailment, nothing serious, which, as an old friend, Clarissa Dalloway would quite understand without requiring him to specify.” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)
25) “…she always feels a little skimpy beside Hugh; schoolgirlish; but attached to him, partly from having known him always…” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
26) “…and as for Peter Walsh, he has never to this day forgiven her for liking him.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
27) “She could remember scene after scene at Bourton — Peter furious; Hugh not, of course, his match in any way, but still not a positive imbecile as Peter made out; not a mere barber’s block.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
28) “When his old mother wanted him to give up shooting or to take her to Bath he did it, without a word…” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
29) June has drawn out every leaf on the trees.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
30) “He was really unselfish, and as for saying, as Peter did, that he had no heart, no brain, nothing but the manners and breeding of an English gentleman...”
31) “To dance, to ride, she has adored all that.”
32) “…she never wrote a letter and his were dry sticks; but suddenly it would come over her…” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)
33) “…she has cried over it in her bedroom…” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
34) “For he is quite happy, he assures her — perfectly happy, though he has never done a thing that they talks of…” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
35) “His whole life has been a failure.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
36) “She has reached the Park gates.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
37) “Devonshire House, Bath House, the house with the china cockatoo, she has seen them all lit up; and remembers Sylvia, Fred, Sally Seton — such hosts of people; and dancing all night; and the waggons plodding past to market; and driving home across the Park.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
38) “…part of people she has never met; being laid out like a mist between the people she knows best, who lifts her on their branches as she has seen the trees lift the mist…” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
39) “This late age of the world’s experience has bred in them all, all men and women, a well of tears.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
40) “He had said, “I have had enough.”” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
41) “For it is not her one hates but the idea of her, which undoubtedly has gathered in to itself a great deal that is not Miss Kilman; has become one of those spectres with which one battles in the night…” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
42) “Street on one side, to Atkinson’s scent shop on the other, passing invisibly, inaudibly, like a cloud, swift, veil-like upon hills, falling indeed with something of a cloud’s sudden sobriety and stillness upon faces which a second before has been utterly disorderly.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
43) “But now mystery has brushed them with her wing.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
44) “They have heard the voice of authority.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
45) “The world has raised its whip; where will it descend?” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
46) “Everything has come to a standstill.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
47) “Nobody knew.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
48) “Septimus Warren Smith, who found himself unable to pass, heard him.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
49) “The throb of the motor engines sounded like a pulse irregularly drumming through an entire body.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
50) “The sun is extraordinarily hot because the motor car has stopped outside Mulberry’s shop window.”
51) “Mrs. Dalloway, coming to the window with her arms full of sweet peas, looked out with her little pink face pursed in enquiry.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
52) “Everyone looked at the motor car” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
53) “Suppose they have heard him?” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
54) “She looked at the crowd.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
55) “She wanted to cry out to butchers’ boys and women.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
56) “He will give her, who is so simple, so impulsive, only twenty-four, without friends in England, who has left Italy for his sake, a piece of bone.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
57) “… air of inscrutable reserve proceeded towards Piccadilly, still gazed at, still ruffling the faces on both sides of the street with the same dark breath of veneration whether for Queen, Prince, or Prime Minister nobody knew.” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)
58) “And for a second she wore a look of extreme dignity standing by the flower shop in the sunlight while the car passed at a foot’s pace…” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)
59) “The crush was terrific for the time of day.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
60) “The British middle classes sitting sideways on the tops of omnibuses with parcels and umbrellas, yes, even furs on a day like this, were, she thought, more ridiculous, more unlike anything there has ever been than one could conceive; and the Queen herself held up; the Queen herself unable to pass.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
61) “Slowly and very silently it took its way.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
62) “Clarissa guessed.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
63) “Clarissa knows of course; she has seen something white, magical, circular, in the footman’s hand, a disc inscribed with a name — the Queen’s, the Prince of Wales’s, the Prime Minister’s?” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
64) “And Clarissa, too, gave a party.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
65) “She stiffened a little; so she would stand at the top of her stairs.” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)
66) “The car has gone, but it has left a slight ripple…” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
67) “Choosing a pair of gloves — should they be to the elbow or above it, lemon or pale grey?” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
68) “…when the sentence is finished something has happened.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
69) “Something so trifling in single instances that no mathematical instrument, though capable of transmitting shocks in China, could register the vibration…” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
70) “…for in all the hat shops and tailors’ shops strangers looked at each other and thought of the dead…” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)
71) “In a public house in a back street a Colonial insulted the House of Windsor which led to words, broken beer glasses…” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)
72) “Gliding across Piccadilly, the car turned down St. James’s Street.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
73) “…and the pale light of the immortal presence falls upon them as it has fallen upon Clarissa Dalloway.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
74) “At once they stood even straighter, and removed their hands, and seemed ready to attend their Sovereign…” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)
75) “The white busts and the little tables in the background covered with copies of the Tatler and syphons of soda water seemed to approve; seemed to indicate the flowing corn and the manor houses of England…” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)
76) “Shawled Moll Pratt with her flowers on the pavement wished the dear boy well…” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
77) “…it was the Prince of Wales for certain.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
78) “The sentries at St. James’s saluted…” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
79) “Queen Alexandra’s policeman approved.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
80) “A small crowd meanwhile has gathered at the gates of Buckingham Palace.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
81) “Listlessly, yet confidently, poor people all of them, they waited; looked at the Palace itself with the flag flying…” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
82) “The Prince lived at St. James’s…” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
83) “The car came on.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
84) “Suddenly Mrs. Coates looked up into the sky.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
85) “It has gone; it is behind the clouds.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
86) “There was no sound.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
87) “The clouds to which the letters E, G, or L have attached themselves move freely…” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
88) “Then suddenly, as a train comes out of a tunnel, the aeroplane rushed out of the clouds again, the sound boring into the ears of all people in the Mall, in the Green Park, in Piccadilly, in Regent Street, in Regent’s Park, and the bar of smoke curved behind and it dropped down, and it soared up and wrote one letter after another — but what word was it writing?” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)
89) “Lucrezia Warren Smith, sitting by her husband’s side on a seat in Regent’s Park in the Broad Walk, looked up.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
90) “For Dr. Holmes has told her to make her husband (who has nothing whatever seriously the matter with him but is a little out of sorts) take an interest in things outside himself.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
91) “So, thought Septimus, looking up, they are signaling to me.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
92) “Not indeed in actual words; that is, he could not read the language yet; but it was plain enough, this beauty, this exquisite beauty, and tears filled his eyes as he looked at the smoke words languishing and melting in the sky…” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)
93) “Tears ran down his cheeks.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
94) “It was toffee; they were advertising toffee…” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
95) “Together they began to spell t . . . o . . . f.. .” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
96) “But they beckoned; leaves were alive; trees were alive.” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)
97) “And it is cowardly for a man to say he will kill himself, but Septimus has fought; he is brave; he is not Septimus now.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
98) “She put on her lace collar.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
99) “She put on her new hat and he never noticed; and he was happy without her.” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)
100) “He was selfish.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
101) “She has grown so thin.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
102) “It was she who suffered — but she had nobody to tell.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
103) “Its sparks, having grazed their way into the night, surrender to it, dark descends, pours over the outlines of houses and towers; bleak hillsides soften and fall in. ” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
104) “Turning, the shelf fell; down, down she dropped.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
105) “He noted such revelations on the backs of envelopes.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
106) “There they sat down under a tree.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
107) “…for Dr. Holmes has told her to make him notice real things, go to a music hall, play cricket.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
108) “The Lord who has come to renew society, who lay like a coverlet, a snow blanket smitten only by the sun, forever unwasted, suffering forever, the scapegoat, the eternal sufferer…” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
109) “There was his hand; there the dead.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
110) “But he dared not look.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
111) “Evans was behind the railings!” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
112) “Interrupted again!” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
113) “The way to Regent’s Park Tube station — could they tell her the way to Regent’s Park Tube station — Maisie Johnson wanted to know.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
114) “She was only up from Edinburgh two days ago.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
115) “Everything seemed very queer.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
116) “Both seemed queer, Maisie Johnson thought.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
117) “…and now how queer it is, this couple she has asked the way of…” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
118) “…for that young man on the seat has given her quite a turn.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
119) “Something was up, she knew.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
120) “She wanted to cry.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
121) “She has left her people.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
122) “They have warned her what will happen.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
123) “Percy drank.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
124) “She has had a hard time of it, and can’t help smiling at a girl like that.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
125) “She drew the knobbed lumps beneath her skirt.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
126) “Carrie Dempster had no wish to change her lot with any woman’s in Kentish Town!” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
127) “But, she implored, pity.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
128) “She had a nephew, a missionary.” (Action was committed in the past and it is not related to the present. The Past Simple Tense.)
129) “It soared and shot.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
130) “She always went on the sea at Margate, not out o’ sight of land, but she had no patience with women who were afraid of water.” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)
131) “Her stomach was in her mouth.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
132) “Martyrs have died for it.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
133) “It was strange; it was still.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
134) “Not a sound was to be heard above the traffic.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
135) “The hall of the house was cool as a vault.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)
136) “He thought, put this leather bag stuffed with pamphlets before an altar, a cross, the symbol of something which has soared beyond seeking and questing and knocking of words together and has become all spirit, disembodied, ghostly — why not enter in?” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)
137) “…she felt like a nun who has left the world.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)