Грамматика английского языка

Запомните следующие конструкции:

The famous English writer Dickens lived in the 19th century. Dickens, a famous English writer, lived in the 19th century.

Запомните следующие застывшие словосочета­ния:

on S_ horseback on S_ board a ship

Упр. 46. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

Swift, ... famous English writer, was travelling one day on ... horseback with his servant. ... weath­er was bad, it was raining, and ... roads were mud­dy. In ... evening the two1 men came to ... inn. Before going to ... bed Swift told his servant to clean his boots. But ... servant was lazy and did not do it. In ... morning Swift asked ... servant why he had not cleaned ... boots. "What's ... use cleaning ... boots now?" said ... servant. "... roads are muddy, and ... boots will soon be dirty again." "All right," said ... writer. "Let's go. We must continue ... journey." "But I haven't had ... break­fast," said ... displeased servant." "Well, what's ... use giving you ... breakfast now?" said Swift: •'You will soon be hungry again."

Запомните следующие застывшие словосочета­ния:

in S_ fact

the same

Запомните употребление артикля в восклицатель­ных предложениях, начинающихся со слова "what":

What a good boy! What a long story! What a day!

1 Обратите нниманик на употребление определенного артик­ля перед количественным числительным. В этом случае опре­деленный артикль имеет значение "эти": "Эти двое мужчин;" "Эти дна человека".

Упр. 47. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

In ... small town in ... East there was once .., man who had ... parrot. ... parrot was taught to say ... words: "There is no doubt about it." It used to repeat these words all ... day long. Every time it was asked ... question, it gave ... same answer, "There is no doubt about it." One day ... man decided to sell ... bird; so he put ... parrot into .., cage and went to ... market with it. "Twenty pounds for ... very clever parrot!" he cried. ... man who was passing by heard this and turned to ... parrot "Are you worth twenty pounds?" he asked. "There is no doubt about it!" answered ... parrot. "What ... clever parrot!" said ... man and bought ... bird, He took ... parrot home and invited his friends to look at ... clever bird. ... friends came and looked at ... parrot and talked to it. Now you must know that ... man was not rich. In ... fact, he was often short of ... money. So ... week or two later, sitting in ... armchair and looking at ... parrot, he said: "What ... fool I was to throw away such ... lot of ... money!" "There is no doubt about it!" cried .., parrot. And this time ... bird was right.

Запомните следующие застывшие словосочета­ния:

it's S_ high time to take S_ care of to take S_ aim such a ...

Упр. 48. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

... crow once said to her children: "It's ... high time for you to look for ... food." With these words she turned them out of ... nest and took them to ... field. But ... crow's children did not like ... idea. "We'd rather go back to ... nest," they cried. "It's so nice when you bring ... food to us!" "Indeed!" said their mother. "You are big enough to feed yourselves. My mother turned me out of ... nest when I was much younger, and I had to take ... care of myself." "But ... people will kill us with their guns," said ... young crows. "No ... fear of that," answered their mother. "Before ... people shoot, they take ... aim, and that takes ... time. When you see ... man raising ... gun to his face, you must just fly away." ."That's ... sim­ple thing to do," said ... children, "but supposing ... man or... boy wants to throw ... stone at us: in such ... case he won't have to take ... aim." "Well, then he will have to bend down to pick up ... stone," said ... crow. "But what if he carries ... stone in his hand ready?" "Why, if you are clever enough to think of that," said ... mother, "you are clever enough to take ... care of yourselves." And she flew away leaving ... young crows in ... field.

Упр. 49. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. Is this ... interesting book? Is this ... very interesting book? Is this ... very interesting book you have spoken about so much? It is such ... in­teresting book. Is it ... same book you have recom­mended to us? 2. She is ... teacher. She is ... good teacher. She is ... teacher of our school. She is ... teacher of ... English. Here is ... teacher, ask her about ... question which interests you. 3. There is ... word in ... text which I cannot understand. There is... very difficult word, too, which I cannot pro nounce. Here is ... word I was looking up in the dictionary. This word is ... adverb. 4. ... first men wore vegetarians. 5. Serfdom was abolished in ... Russia in ... 19th century. 6. Columbus, who dis­covered ... America, was ... native of ... Genoa, 7. ... Rome is ... ancient town. 8. ... Ireland, .., Scotland and ... Wales are parts of ... United King­dom.

Упр. 50. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

... Russia is such ... large country that when it is night in one part of ... country, it is day in another part, when it is winter in one part of ... country, it is already summer in another. Imagine it is ... beginning of ... May now. It is spring in ... St. Petersburg. ... weather is fine. It is still cool at ... night, but it is quite warm in ... afternoon. It sometimes rains, but... rain is warm, too. ... ground is covered with ... soft green grass, and ... trees are covered with ... green leaves. But while it is spring in St. Petersburg, it is still winter in ... north of our country at ... beginning of ... May, Here it is cold and sometimes frosty, ... rivers and ... seas are covered with ... ice. ... ice does not melt in some places even in summer. ... ground is covered with ... deep snow. In ... south of our coun­try ... weather is quite different. It is already sum­mer in ... Caucasus and in ... Crimea. It is much warmer than in St. Petersburg. It is sometimes even hot. ... sky is usually cloudless and it seldom rains here. People wear ... summer clothes.

Упр. 51. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

... train stopped at ... little station. ... passenger looked out of the window of ... train carriage and, saw ... woman selling ... cakes. ... man had not had.'... breakfast in ... morning. He was hungry and wanted to buy... cake. ... woman was standing rather far from ... carriage. ... man did not want to go and buy ... cake himself because he was afraid to miss ... train. He saw ... boy who was walking along ... platform near... carriage. He called ... boy and asked him: "How much does ... cake cost?" "Three pence, sir," answered ... boy. ... man gave him a sixpence and said: "Bring me ... cake, and with ... other three­ pence buy... cake for yourself." ... boy took ... money and went to ... woman. A few minutes later ... boy returned. He was eating ... cake. He gave ... man three pence change and said: "... woman had only one cake, sir."

Запомните следующее застывшее словосочета­ние:

The fact is (was) that ...

Обратите внимание на употребление артикля со словом other (другой):

another — другой (неопределенный), какой-то другой, еще один (во множественном числе или перед неисчисляемым существительным — other.)

the other — другой (определенный), тот дру­гой, другой из двух.

Упр. 52. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

... group of ... farmers were sitting in ... village house, and among ... other things they began talk­ing about ... echoes. One of ... farmers said that there was ... wonderful echo in ... field near his farm where there was ... large group of ... trees. All ... other farmers said that they would like to hear ... echo, and ... farmer invited them to come ... next afternoon. But ... fact was that ... farmer did not really have ... echo he had told ... other farmers about. So when he came ... home, he sent for ... son of ... cook and told him to go to ... field, hide himself among ... trees and imitate every­thing that was said. ... next day ... other farmers came, and ... farmer took them to ... field to listen to ... wonderful echo. When they were in ... field, he shouted at ... top of his yoice: "Are you there?" The answer came back: "Yes, I've been here for two hours!"

Упр. 53. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

It was ... nice summer day. ... weather was fine, ... sun was shining in ... blue sky, ... air was fra­grant with ... smell of ... grass and ... flowers. ... dog which was running about ... streets of ... little town saw ... butcher's ... stall with ... lot of ... meat. ... dog cautiously approached ... stall and, when ... butcher turned away to talk to ... woman, quickly seized ... big piece of ... meat and ran away with it. On ... way home ... dog had to cross ... stream by ... narrow bridge. As he was crossing,£ he looked down into ... stream and saw his reflec-| tion in ... water. He though it was ... other dogf with ... other piece of ... meat. He snapped at ... reflection and dropped his own piece of ... meat. That's how ... dog was punished for ... greediness.

Запомните следующие застывшие словосочета­ния:

after a while

from S place to S place

Упр. 54. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

... guide was once showing ... group of ... rich American tourists ... places of ... interest in ... little town in ... south of ... Italy. He took ... tour­ists from ... place to ... place, but as ... town was small, after ... while ... guide could not think of anything that might be of ... interest to ... Amer­icans. "Tell us something unusual about ... weath­er or ... climate of this place," said ... American lady to ... guide. "What can I tell her about our climate?" thought ... guide. Then he had ... idea. "Well," he said, "there is one unusual thing about our climate. One can easily notice that the wind here always blows from ... west." "Really?" said ... lady in ... surprised tone: "What ... interesting thing!" But ... other tourist said: "You must be wrong. Look!... wind is blowing from ... east now!" At... first moment ... guide did not know what to say. But he was ... clever man and soon found ... way out. "Oh," he said, "is that so? Well, then it must be ... west wind coming back."

Запомните следующие застывшие словосочетания:

It was S_ morning   

It was night

It was S_ daytime 

It was evening

Упр. 55. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

Once ... Frenchman was travelling in ... Swe­den. He stopped at ... hotel in ... little Swedish town. It was ... evening, ... man was tired, so he went to ... bed at once. In ... morning he had ... breakfast in ... hotel restaurant. After ... break­fast he went for ... walk. He walked along ... streets of ... town, visited ... museum and ... shops. Presently he felt hungry and dropped into ... cafe for ... lunch. He sat down at ... table, called ... waiter and ordered ... mushrooms. But... French­man did not know ... Swedish and ... waiter did not know ... French. Nobody in ... cafe could speak ... French. Then ... Frenchman took ... piece of ... paper and ... pencil and drew the picture of ... mushroom. ... waiter looked at ... picture and left ... room at once. Five minutes later he returned with ... umbrella.

Запомните следующие застывшие словосочета­ния:

at S_ sunrise at S_ sunset

in the country to the country

by S_ bus       by S_ tram   by S_ train   by S_ car

in  S_ town to S_ town

Упр. 56. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

On ... Sunday our family went to ... country. We got up at ... sunrise and quickly had ... breakfast. After ... breakfast we left ... home. There is ... lit­tle village not far from ... St. Petersburg where we have ... friends. We went thereby ... train. We had ,.. very good time in ... country. ... weather was fine. ... sky was blue and ... sun was shining. We stayed out of ... doors all ... day long. We played ... volley-ball and ... tennis. We returned to ... town late in ... evening. When we came ... home, we had ... supper and went to ... bed at once.

Запомните следующие застывшие словосочета­ния:

in S_ spring in S summer

in S_ autumn in S winter

Упр, 57. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. Look at ... sky. It is covered with ... dark clouds. Let's hurry ... home. 2. It was very pleasant to live in ... country in ... summer. ... weather was fine and it seldom rained. Summer is ... fine sea­son. 3. How lovely ... night is! There are no ... clouds in ... sky and ... air is so fresh, 4. When spring comes, ... sun shines brighter, ... snow melts, ... days become longer. 5. Winter is ... good time for sports. 6. On ... Sunday my friend and I usually go to ... country. We ski, skate, play ... snowballs and have ... very good time. 7. ... fog is so dense that it is difficult to walk. 8. My friend is ... very good chess-player. 9. In ... summer we lived in ... coun­try and went up to ... town by ... train. 10. Tomor­row is ... Sunday. If it is too hot in ... town, we shall go to ... country. And on ... Monday we shall come back.

Упр. 58. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

Mr. Jones was ... teacher of ... physics at... school, He was fond of the experimental method in ... phys­ics and often told his pupils to use this method. One day Mr. Jones came to ... school on ... new bicycle. ... bicycle had ... pair of ... pneumatic tyres, which had just been invented, and none of ... pupils had ever seen them. During ... lesson ... teacher took ... pupils into ... school yard and showed them ... new invention. "Now, ... children," he said, "who can tell me what is inside this tyre that makes it so hard and yet so elastic?" ... boys touched ... tyres. "... cotton-wool," said one of them. " ... steel springs," said ... other. "Oh no," said ... teacher, "you are wrong." Suddenly ... little boy, who was standing beside ... bicycle, cried out, looking very happy: "I know what it is! There's ... wind inside." Mr. Jones smiled and said: "You are right: there's ... air inside. But how did you find it out?" "Well, I used ... experimental method," said ... boy: "I stuck ... nail into ... tyre, and some wind came out of it." For ... first time in his life Mr. Jones did not like ... use of ... experimental method.

Упр. 59. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. I bought ... new hat yesterday. ... shop-as­sistant said it was ... latest style. 2. I want to ask you to accompany rne to ... shop. I must buy ... dress. 3. Where did you buy this overcoat? — I bought it at ... big store in Nevsky Prospect on ... Tuesday. 4. My sister bought ... blue hat on ... Wednesday. ... colour suits her very nicely as she has got ... blue eyes. 5. I must buy ... pair of ... new gloves. 6. Where is ... shoe department? — It is on ... third floor, 7. I think ... coat is a little tight. 8. We came to ... big store to find out if we could have ... suit made to order. 9. I don't like ... hat you have chosen. ... colour is not becoming to you. 10. Here is ... department of ready-made clothes. Let's go in and see if we can buy ... nice pair of ... trousers for you. 11. I am going to give him ... tie as ... birthday present.

Упр. 60. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

I knew ... man who had travelled very much in his life. He had visited many ... countries in ... east and in ... west. He loved ... children and often told them ... interesting stories. I remember some of... stories which he told me. One of ... stories was about ... adventure he had had in ... London. He was ... young man at that time and was inter­ested in ... history of ... architecture. One day he visited one of ... towers of ... Houses of ... Parlia­ment. He came out on to ... balcony of ... tower and began to look at ... ornaments on ... walls. Then he climbed up on ... roof. Suddenly ... man came running to him and seized him by ... arm. He began shouting something in ... English, but my friend knew only a few words of ... English and did not understand him. ... Englishman called ... policeman. ... fact was that he thought that ... Russian tourist wanted to kill himself by jumping from ... top of ... tower. Later, when everything became clear, they laughed ... lot over it.

Упр. 61. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. Everyone in our country knows Lomonosov, ,.. founder of ... first Russian university. 2. Nekras-ov. ... famous Russian poet, described ... life of ... Russian peasants. 3. I don't want to miss ... con­cert which will take place at ... Philharmonic on .,. 15th of ... April. 4. He graduated from ... uni versity six years ago. Now he is ... scientist. And though he is ... young scientist, his name is well known. 5. My aunt is ... teacher of ... physics. 6, Yesterday I read ... book by Dickens, ... famous English writer. 7. I am sorry, I don't know ... way to ... nearest cafe: I am ... stranger here myself. 8. ... town I was born in is on ... Volga. 9. Who is ... author of this book? 10. ... quarter of ... hour was left before ... beginning of ... concert. We entered ... hall and saw ... group of ... pupils of our school. We joined them. 11. During ... vaca­tion I attended some interesting lectures. I remem­ber two of ... lectures best of all. They were about ... Russian music. 12. I am sure he won't stay in ... town for ... vacation. 13. Two weeks are left before ... end of ... school year. ... examinations are coming. On ... first of ... June we shall take ... examination in ... literature. 14. Today is my day off. I am going to spend ... day in ... country. 15. My brother brought ... new book yesterday. When I looked at ... title, I was very glad: it was ... book which I had wanted to get for ... long time. 16. My sister is acquainted with ... actor who played ... leading part in ... play you saw yes­terday. 17. "What ... river is ... longest in ... Eu­rope?" "Why, what... strange question to ask! Any schoolboy can tell you that it is ... Volga." 18. I am afraid you will have ... lot of ... trouble with this business. 19. ... day was not bright yesterday. ... sky was covered with ... clouds.

Упр. 62. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

...English king Richard the Lion Heart was ... tall, strong man. He was very proud of his strength and liked to show ... people how strong he was. Once, as he was riding on ... horseback in ... coun try-side, his horse lost ... shoe. Luckily he was not far from ... village and soon he found ... black­smith. "Give me ... good horseshoe," he said to ... man. ... blacksmith gave ... king ... horseshoe. Richard took it in his hand and broke it in two. "This horseshoe is no good," he said, "give me ... better one." ... blacksmith did not say ... word. He gave ... king ... other horseshoe, but Richard broke it, too. The blacksmith gave him a third shoe. This time Richard was satisfied and ordered ... black-smith to shoe his horse. When ... work was done, Richard offered ... man ... coin. ... blacksmith took ... coin between his fingers and broke it in two. Now it was Richard's turn to be surprised. He took ... larger coin out of his pocket and handed it to ... blacksmith.  ... man broke it, too, saying: "This coin is no good, give me ... better one." Richard smiled and gave ... man ... gold coin.

Запомните следующие застывшие словосочета­ния:

to go on S_ strike        to be on S_ strike

Упр. 63. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

Many years ago ... London theatre performed ... play in which there was ... great storm on the sea. In those days ... theatres had no ... machines. That is why ... manager engaged ... several boys to make ... waves of ... sea. They jumped up and down un­der ... big piece of ... sea-green cloth. ... boys re­ceived ... shilling ... night for their work. They worked for ... several weeks. But then ... manager decided to pay them less ... money — only six pence ... night. So ... boys decided to go on .., strike. During ... performance, when ... storm be gan, when ... wind blew and it was raining, ... sea remained calm — there was not ... single wave on it. ... angry manager lifted one corner of ... "sea" and said to ... boys: "Make ... waves, ... boys, make ... waves!" "Do you want ... waves for ... shilling or for sixpence?" asked ... boy in ... loud voice, "Oh, for ... shilling," answered ... manager. ... boys began to jump up and down, and did it so well, that ... storm looked quite real

Запомните следующее застывшее словосочета­ние:

to set S sail

Упр. 64. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

In ... fifteenth century ... people knew only three continents: ... Europe, ... Asia and ... Africa. They knew nothing about such ... big continent as ... America. ... man who discovered ... America was born in 1451 in ... Italy. His name was Christopher Columbus. He became ... sailor at ... early age. Knowing that ... earth was round, he decided to reach ... India sailing to ... west. He tried to ar­range ... expedition, but did not have ... money, and nobody wanted to help him. At last ... king of ... Spain gave him ... money for ... expedition. He set ... sail in 1492. ... voyage was very dangerous and difficult. On ... 12th of ... October his ship reached ... land. When they landed, they saw ... strange trees and ... flowers. ... men and ... wom­en with ... olive-coloured skins gathered around ... sailors and looked at them with ... great surpriseColumbus was sure that he had discovered ... new way to ... India. Some time later ... other sailor reached ... America. ... name of ... sailor was Amerigo Vespucci. He understood that it was ... new continent.

Упр. 65. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. My brother read to me ... extract from ...book which he had brought ... day before. ... main character of ... book is ... young doctor who went to ... distant village in ... Siberia. 2. ... weather was very bad in ... October. 3. When he came into ... room, he saw ... man sitting on ... sofa. He at once remembered that it was ... man he had seen

at ... theatre ... night before. 4. Yesterday I saw ... film you are speaking about. 5. He took ... taxi and gave ... address to ... driver. 6. Tower Bridge is ... first bridge over ... Thames coming from ... sea. Built in 1894, it is ... suspension-bridge. ... central portion of it can be opened to admit... ships to ... docks in this part of ... river. When ... ship arrives, ... traffic is stopped and ... great bridge opens in ... centre: its two halves go up into ... air and ... ship passes through.

Упр. 66. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

... room in which ... boys were fed was ... large stone hall, with ... copper at one end, out of which ... cook took ... gruel which he put into each bowl at ... meal-times. Each boy had one portion of ... gru­el, and no more, and on ... Sundays they had two ounces and ... quarter of ... bread besides. ... bowls never needed washing — ... boys polished them with their spoons till they shone again. At last ... boys got so wild with ... hunger that one boy said he was afraid he would some night eat ... boy who slept. next to him. ... boys believed him. ... council was held. Oliver was chosen to go up to ... cook that evening after ... supper and ask for more. ... evening arrived, and ... boys took their places. ... cook stood at ... copper. ... gruel was served out and disap­peared. Then Oliver rose from ... table and advanc­ing to ... cook, said in ... weak voice: "Please, sir, I? want some more." ... cook was ... healthy man, but he turned pale. "What?" said he in ... trembling voice. ... man could not believe his ears.

Упр. 67. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

... Africa is ... very large continent lying to ... south of ... Europe and to ... south-west of ... Asia to which it is joined by ... Isthmus of Suez. Less than one hundred years ago ... men knew almost nothing of ... middle of ... continent. ... travellers from ... Europe made ... long journeys into ... cen­tre but they met with ... terrible difficulties, for ... continent is covered with ... forests full of ... fearful wild animals. Some travellers died of .., hunger or ... thirst or ... strange illnesses, ... oth­ers were killed by ... lions, still ... others by ... natives; but nevertheless bold men were found ready to go along ... rivers into ... heart of ... Africa. The merchants who came from ... European coun­tries had much to sell, and here were ... millions of ... people ready to buy; here was ... country, ... richness of which was unimaginable.