Грамматика английского языка

Упр. 468. Вставьте модальные глаголы may или can.

1. I ... finish the work tomorrow if no one both­ers me any more. 2. ... we come and see you next Sunday at three o'clock in the afternoon? 3. What time is it? — It ... be about six o'clock, but I am not sure. 4. Only a person who knows the language very well ... answer such a question. 5. ... I come in? 6. Let me look at your exercises. I ... be able to help you. 7. I ... not swim, because until this year the doctor did not allow me to be more than two minutes in the water. But this year he says I ... stay in for fifteen minutes if I like, so I am going to learn to swim. 8. Libraries are quite free, and any one who likes ... get books there. 9. I ... come and see you tomorrow if I have time. 10. Take your raincoat with you: it ... rain today. 11. Do you think you ... do that?

Упр. 469. Вставьте модальные глаголы may или can.

1. You ... come in when you have taken off your boots. 2. Be careful: you ... spill the milk if you carry it like that. 3. Most children ... slide on the ice very well. 4. I don't think I ... be here by elev­en o'clock tomorrow, but I ... be. 5. ... you see anything in this inky darkness? 6. You ... go when you have finished your compositions. 7. What shall we do if the train is late? It ... be late, you know, after the terrible snowstorms we've had. 8. When ... you come arid see me? — Let me see: I ... not come tomorrow, for I must be at the meeting, but on Sunday I'll find time. Yes, you ... expect me on Sunday about three o'clock. Will that be all right?

Упр. 470. Вставьте модальные глаголы may (might) или can (could).

1. ... I use your pen? 2. ... I find a pen on that table? 3. You ... read this book: you know the lan­guage well enough. 4. You ... take this book: I don't need it. 5. ... I help you? 6. ... I ask you to help me? 7. ... you help me? 8. I ... not imagine her speaking in public: I knew that she was so shy. 9. Something was wrong with the car: he ... not start it. 10. A fool ... ask more questions than a wise man ... answer. 11. She asked me if she ... use my telephone. 12. The school was silent: noth­ing ... be heard in the long dark corridors. 13. Waiting ... be endless, you know. 14. ... you tell me the nearest way to the city museum? 15. They ... think that I am too weak to take part in the excursion, but I am strong enough to do any kind of hard work, indeed. 16. He knew this period of history very well: he had read everything on the subject he ... find in the rich university library.

MUST

Долженствование

You must respect your parents, (должны) You must not go there, (нельзя) Must I learn it by heart? (должен?)

Предположение                                должно быть

It must be cold outside, (должно быть)

Упр. 471. Переведите на русский язык.

1. You must work hard at your English. 2. You must learn the words. 3. Must we learn the poem today? 4. It must be very difficult to learn Chinese. 5. You must not talk at the lessons. 6. Everybody must come to school in time. 7. Don't ring him up: he must be very busy. 8. You must not make notes in the books. 9. I must help my mother today.

Упр. 472. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя модальный глагол must.

1. Я должна упорно работать над своим анг­лийским. 2. Вы должны внимательно слушать учителя на уроке. 3. Ты должен делать уроки каждый день. 4. Вы не должны забывать о сво­их обязанностях. 5 Вы должны быть осторожны на улице. 6. Она должна быть дома сейчас. 7. Мои друзья, должно быть, в парке. 8. Вы, дол­жно быть, очень голодны. 9. Должно быть, очень трудно решать такие задачи. 10. Я должен се­годня повидать моего друга.

ТО HAVE TO

Эквивалент глагола MUST

have to go there.

(надо) had to go there.

(пришлось) shall have to go there, (придется)

I don't have to go there.

(не надо) I didn't have to go there.

(не пришлось) I shan't have to go there, (не придется)

Do you have to go there? (надо?)

Did you have to go there? (пришлось?)

Will you have to go there? (придется?)

Упр. 473. Переведите на русский язык.

1. I had to do a lot of homework yesterday 2. She had to stay at home because she did not feel well. 3. Pete had to stay at home because it was very cold. 4. Mike had to write this exercise at school because he had not done it at home. 5. They had to call the doctor because the grandmother was ill. 6. Why did you have to stay at home yes­terday? — Because my parents were not at home and I had to look after my little sister. 7. I have not written the composition. I shall have to write it on Sunday. 8. We did not have to buy biscuits because granny had baked a delicious pie. 9. Will you have to get up early tomorrow?

Упр. 474. Перепишите следующие предложе­ния в прошедшем времени.

1 It is already twenty minutes past eight. You must go or you will be late for the first lesson. 2. I am very tired. I feel I must go to bed at once, or I shall fall asleep where I am sitting. 3. We can't wait for them any longer, we must ring them up and find out what has happened. 4. I am think­ing hard, trying to find a solution of the prob­lem. There must be a way out. 5. It is quite clear to everyboby in the family that he must start get­ting ready for his examination instead of wasting time. 6. It is impossible to do anything in such a short time. I must ask the chief to put off my report. 7. I don't mean that you must do every­thing they tell you.

Упр. 475. Перепишите каждое из следующих предложений дважды: в прошедшем и в буду, щем времени. Заменяйте модальные глаголы must и сап эквивалентами, где необходимо.

1. You must listen to the tape-recording of this text several times. 2. You must take your exami­nation in English. 3. She can translate this article without a dictionary. 4. We can't meet them at the station. 5. The doctor must examine the child. 6. He must work systematically if he wants to know French well. 7. This child must spend more time out in the open air. 8. I can't recite this poem. 9. You must take part in this work. 10. He can't join the party because he is busy.

Упр. 476. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя модальный глагол must или его эк­вивалент to have to.

1. Я должна         пойти в магазин сегодня, сварить обед сделать уроки пойти в школу написать письмо брату

2. Мне придется пойти в магазин завтра, сварить обед сделать уроки пойти в школу написать письмо брату

3. Мне пришлось пойти в магазин вчера сварить обед сделать уроки пойти в школу написать письмо брату

Упр. i77. Переведите на английский язык сле­дующие вопросы и ответьте на них.

1. Что вы должны сделать сегодня?

2. Что вам придется сделать завтра?

3. Что вам пришлось сделать вчера?

Упр. 478. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя модальные глаголы must, may или сап.

1. Он сейчас должен быть в своем кабинете. Вы можете поговорить с ним. 2. Можно войти? —- Пожалуйста. 3. Вы должны прочитать этот текст. 4. Может ли он выполнить это задание? 5. Можно мне взять вашу книгу? 6. На уроке английского языка вы должны говорить только по-английски. 7. Мы должны сегодня сдать тет­ради? 8. Можно мне задать вам вопрос? — По­жалуйста. 9. Я не могу пойти о вами в кино, так как я очень занят. 10. Можно здесь курить? — Пожалуйста.

Упр. 479. Заполните пропуски модальными глаголами can, may или must.

1.      What ... we see on this map? 2. ... you speak Spanish? — No, unfortunately I... 3. At what time ... you come to school? 4. ... I come in? 5. You ... not smoke here. 6. ... take your book?   — I am afraid not: I need it. 7. He ... not speak English yet. 8. I have very little time: I ... go. 9. They ... not go to the park today because they are busy. 10. You ... read this text: it is easy enough. 1л

TO HAVE TO — ТО BE TO

Необходимость

ТО HAVE TO — вынужденная необходимость

ТО BE TO1 — необходимость по договоренности, плану или приказу

I have to go there. — должен (вынужден)

I am to go there. — должен, предстоит, (договорились, или такое расписание)

I had to go there — пришлось

I was to go there — предстояло

Упр. 480. Переведите на русский язык.

1. I was to wait for her at the railway station.

2. We were to go to the cinema that afternoon.

3. They were to start on Monday. 4. He was to telephone the moment she was out of danger.

5.  Roses were to be planted round the pond.

6. There was to be a discussion later on. 7. We were to get there before the others. 8. He was to tell her where to find us. 9. She was to graduate that year. 10. She was to wear that dress at the graduation party. 11. He is to come here at five o'clock. 12. The train was to leave at five-fifteen.

1 TO BE может употребляться как модальный тлагол товд>кс в двух временах: Present Simple и Past Simple.

Упр. 481. Перефразируйте следующие пред­ложения, употребляя модальный глагол to be to.

E.g.    1) The lecture is supposed to begin at eight. The lecture is to begin at eight. 2) I expect her to come and help. She is to come and help. 3) It was planned that we should wait for them at the door. We were to wait for them at the door. 4) It was arranged that he should meet her at the station. He was to meet her at the station. 5) Who will take care of the children? Who is to take care of the children? 1. What am I supposed to do if they come too early? 2 It was arranged that the youngest chil­dren would play on the beach. 3. We expect you to show the place to her. 4. I am expected to leave tomorrow at the latest. 5. Where am I supposed to be taken? 6. This is Dora. It is arranged that she will share the room with you. 7 And who will do the cooking? 8. It is expected that two more apart­ment houses will be built here. 9. It was arranged that the cup final would be played that afternoon. 10. Who will meet you at the station?

Упр. 482. Вставьте модальные глаголы to have to или to be to.

1. She ... to send a telegram because it was too late to send a letter. 2. They decided that she ... to send them a telegram every tenth day. 3. You ... to learn all the new words for the next lesson. 4. Do you know this man? He ... to be our new teacher of history. 5. Who ... to go to the library to get the new books? — I was, but I couldn't be-

cause I ... to finish some work at the phonetic^ laboratory. 6. It is raining. You ... to put on your raincoat. 7. "The patient ... to stay in bed for a few days," ordered the doctor. 8. The child had stomach trouble and ... to take castor oil. 9. I told her she ... to open the window for a while every day. 10. The agreement was that if Johnny White could not repay the money he had borrowed, then Luke Flint ... to have the right to sell the land. 11. If I don't ring up before six o'clock, then you ... to go to the concert hall alone and wait for me at the entrance. Is that clear? 12. The planters ... to gather their cotton at once, as they had been warned that heavy rains were expected. 13. I ... io wear glasses as my eyesight is very weak. 14. John­ny White ... to borrow from Luke Flint at a high interest, for there was no one else in the district who lent money. 15. "Cheating is a very nasty thing,"' said the teacher, "and we ... to get rid of it."

Упр. 483. Вставьте модальные глаголы Iо have to или to be to.

1. Where ... the lecture to take place? — I sup­pose in the assembly hall. 2. So, our plan is as follows: I ... to go to the library and bring the books. You ... to look through all the material here. Later we ... to work together. 3. "You ... to do it alone, without anybody's help," she said sternly. 4. I ... to help my friends with this work now, so I cannot go with you. 5. It was raining hard and we ... to wait until it stopped raining. 6. 1 ... to ask him about it tomorrow, as today he has already gone. 7. Why didn't you tell me that I ... to buy the books? 8. According to the order of the school­mistress all the pupils ... to return the library books before the twenty-third of May. 9. As we had agreed

before, we ... to meet at two o'clock to go to the stadium together. But Mike did not come. I waited for another half-hour, but then I ... to leave as I was afraid to be late. 10. The meeting ... to begin at five o'clock. Don't be late.

Упр. 484. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя модальные глаголы to have to или to be to.

1. Вам предстоит выучить это стихотворение к среде. 2. Мне задали выучить это стихотворение к среде. 3. Мне пришлось выучить это стихотво­рение к среде. 4. Мне придется выучить это сти­хотворение к среде. 5. Ему приходится учить это стихотворение сегодня, так как он не выучил его вчера. 6. Вам не придется учить это стихотворе­ние. 7. Мне не пришлось учить это стихотворе­ние. 8. Так как он выучил это стихотворение вче­ра, ему не нужно учить его теперь. 9. На этой неделе нам предстоит встретиться с выдающимся ученым. 10. Выхода не было, и ему пришлось заплатить штраф. 11. Мне было задано написать сочинение о творчестве Пушкина, а для этого мне пришлось перечитать некоторые из его произве­дений, которые я плохо помнил. 12. Мне придет­ся посидеть дома это дни. Врач говорит, что я не должен никуда выходить, пока температура не будет нормальной. 13. Посидите здесь, пока он занят. Я думаю, вам не придется долго ждать. 14. Спектакль должен был начаться в семь часов. 15. Мы должны были отложить поездку, так как погода испортилась. 16. Если вы хотите хорошо овладеть языком, вы должны очень много читать. 17. По новому расписанию у нас будет пять уро­ков английского языка в неделю. 18. Мы реши­ли, что все должны принять участие в концерте. 19. Рано или поздно вам придется пойти к врачу. 20. В будущем году мы должны начать изучение астрономии. 21. Чтобы разработать новую тео­рию, ученые должны были провести бесчислен­ные опыты.

NEED

NEED NOT — отсутствие необходимости

(можно не ...)

NEED...? —надо...?

You need not do it. — можете не делать Need I do it? — надо?

Сравните:

Ты не можешь делать этого. —

You cannot do it.

Ты можешь не делать этого. —

You need not do it.'

Обратите внимание:

You need not have done it —

могли и не делать (а сделали)

Упр. 485. Переведите на русский язык.

1. My sister cannot write this letter: she is verv busy. 2. My sister need not write this letter: I shall phone them. 3. She cannot buy bread. 4. She need not buy bread. 5. You cannot read so many books. 6. You need not read so many books. 7. Nick cannot go to school today. 8. Nick need not go to school today. 9. They cannot translate this article. 10. They need not translate this article. 11. They could not write the composition. 12. They need not have writ­ten the composition. 13.1 could not go to the library. 14.   I   need   not   have   gone  to  the   library. 15. He could not stay there for the night. 16. He need not have stayed there for the night. 17. We could not do all this work. 18. We need not have done all this work. 19. She could not cook such a big dinner. 20. She need not have cooked such a big dinner.

Упр. 485. Перефразируйте следующие пред­ложения, употребляя модальный глагол need.

E.g. 1) It is not necessary to go there.

You need not go there. 2) It was not necessary to go there. You need not have gone there.

1. There was no necessity for her to do it her­self. 2. There is no reason for you to worry: he is as strong as a horse. 3. There is no need for you to be present. 4. Is it any use our going into all that now? 5. Why did you mention all these figures? The situation was clear as it was, 6. Why do you rant to press the skirt? It is not creased at all. . It was not necessary for you to remind me about her birthday. I remember the date very well.  Why do you want to do it all today? 9. It was not necessary for mother to cook this enormous dinner: we have brought all the food the children may want. 10. It is not necessary to take the six-thirty. A later train will do as well.

Упр. 486. Переведите на английский язык, ютребляя модальный глагол need.

1. Мне нужно тебе помогать? — Нет, спасибо, все сделаю сам. 2. Вы можете не ходить туда.

3. Ему незачем беспокоиться о ней. 4. Я могу и не спрашивать его: он сам мне все расскажет. 5. Вам не обязательно звонить мне: я не забуду о своем обещании. 6. Надо ли ей покупать такую массу продуктов? 7. Она может не ходить в биб­лиотеку: я дам ей книгу. 8. Вы могли и не брать зонт: я уверен, что дождя не будет.

Упр. 487. Вставьте модальные глаголы may, must или need.

1.... we hand in our compositions tomorrow? — No, you ... not, you ... hand them in after Sunday. 2. ... John really do this today? — No, he ... not, he ... do it tomorrow if he likes. 3. You ... not let this cup fall: it ... break. 4. ... I help you with your coat on? 5. ... I take this book for a little while? — I am sorry, but I ... return it to the library at once. 6. Alec ... practise this sound spe­cially, but the other pupils ... not: they all pro­nounce it properly. 7. They ... come at any time they like between ten and twelve in the morning, but they ... not come if they don't want to. 8. ... I go there right now? — Yes, you ....

Упр. 488. Вставьте модальные глаголы can, may, must или need.

1. I ... not go out today: it is too cold. 2. ... I take your pen? — Yes, please. 3. We ... not carry the bookcase upstairs: it is too heavy. 4. We ... not carry the bookcase upstairs ourselves: the workers will come and do it. 5. When ... you come to see us? — I ... come only on Sunday. 6. Shall I write a letter to him? — No, you ... not, it is not neces­sary. 7. ... you cut something without a knife? 8. Peter ... return the book to the library. We all want to read it. 9. Why ... not you understand it?

it is so easy. 10. ... we do the exercise at once? Yes, you        do it at once.  11. ... you pronounce this sound? 12. You ... not have bought this meat-we have everything for dinner.

MUST — MAY — MIGHT — CAN'T

в значении предположения

MUST — должно быть

MAY - может быть

MIGHT — может быть (но маловероятно)

CAN'T — не может быть

Упр. 489. Произнесите вслух все возможные предложения, используя приведенные подстано­вочные таблицы. (Упражнение на выработку ав­томатизма речи)

Переведите каждое предложение на русский язык.