Автор работы: Пользователь скрыл имя, 07 Ноября 2012 в 13:36, статья
Present simple
(ключевые слова: usually, always, often, every day, never)
1. Когда мы говорим о чем-то в общем:
Nurses look after patients in hospitals.
2. Когда что-то постоянно повторяется:
Present simple
(ключевые слова: usually, always, often, every day, never)
1. Когда мы говорим о чем-то в общем:
Nurses look after patients in hospitals.
2. Когда что-то постоянно повторяется:
I get up at 8 o’clock every morning.
How often do you go to the dentist?
3. Истины, которые уже доказаны:
The earth goes round the sun.
4. Показать что ты
где-то постоянно работаешь/
I work in a bank. He works in a shop.
Present continuous
(ключевые слова: still, at the moment, at present, this minute, now)
1. Когда говорим о действии, которое происходит в момент речи:
- Please, don’t make so much noise. I am working.
- Hi, Jane! Are you enjoying the party?
2. I am doing something = я в середине действия (необязательно в момент речи, оно просто находится в прогрессе):
- I am reading an interesting book at the moment.
- Now I am studying English.
3. Изменяющаяся ситуация:
- The population of the world is rising very fast.
- Is your English getting better?
4. Используется с периодом времени в которое входит настоящее:
- You`re working hard today.
- Tom isn`t playing football this season.
5. He is idiot (всегда) and He is being idiot (в данный момент)
Past simple
(ключевые слова: last week, yesterday, last month, days ago, the other day, long time ago)
Ситуация в прошлом, которая не связана с настоящим:
- Mr. Edwards died ten years ago.
- Did you go out last night, Tom?
Past present
(ключевые слова: at 6 o’clock yesterday, when my father came, while)
1. Past Progressive (прошедшее прогрессивное), т.е. показывает, что действие продолжается, находится в прогрессе:
Yesterday Tom and Jim played tennis. They began at 10 o'clock and finished at 11 o'clock.
- What were they doing at 10.30 yesterday?
- They were playing tennis (at 10.30)
2. Не показывает нам закончено действие или нет:
- Tom was cooking dinner.
- He was working.
3. Когда нужно показать, что действие происходило на фоне другого действия:
- Tom burnt his hand when he was cooking dinner.
- It was raining when I got up this morning.
Present perfect
(ключевые слова: ниже!)
1. Действие произошло
в прошлом, но нам нужен
- "Where's your key?" "I don't know. I've lost it." (У меня его сейчас нет)
- He told me his name but I've forgotten it. (Я не могу сейчас вспомнить)
- "Is Sally here?" "No, She's gone out." (Сейчас она вышла)
- I can't find my bag. Have you seen it? (Ты не знаешь, где она сейчас?)
2. Событие которое произошло недавно, нам важен только результат:
- Ow! I've cut my finger. (не важно где и когда, важно, что сейчас имею результат - порезанный палец)
- The police has arrested two men in connection with the robbery.
3. Just, Already, Yet:
- "Would you like something to eat?" "No, thanks. I've just had lunch."
- "Don't forget to post the letter, will you?" "I've already posted it."
- I've written the letter but I haven't posted it yet.
4. Gone (to) – уехал и не вернулся и Been (to) –уехал и вернулся
- Jim is away on holiday. He has gone to Spain (он сейчас находится там или по пути туда)
- Jane is back home from holiday now. She has been to Italy. (была и вернулась)
5. Разговоры про жизненный опыт:
- Have you ever eaten caviar? (за всю свою жизнь)
- We've never had a car.
- "Have you read "Hamlet"?" "No, I haven't read any of Shakespeare's plays."
6. Период с прошлого по “сейчас” (recently/in the last few days/so far/since breakfast):
- Have you heard from George recently?
- I've met a lot of people in the last few days.
- Everything is going well. We haven't had any problems so far.
- I'm hungry. I haven't eaten anything since breakfast. (=с завтрака и до сих пор).
7. Период с прошло по “сейчас”, которое еще не закончилось (today/this week/this year)
- I've drunk four cups of coffee today. (возможно, выпью ещё, т.к. день ещё не закончился).
- Have you had a holyday this year? (от начала года по “сейчас”)
- I haven't seen Tom this morning. (от начала дня по “сейчас”)
8. We use present perfect to say how much, how many:
- How much of that book have you read?
- They have played tennis three times this week.
Present perfect continuous
(ключевые слова: how long, for, since, all day, before)
1. Действие, которое было
в прошлом и закончилось
- You are out of breath. Have you been running?
- Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
2. Мы спрашиваем “How long?” для действий которые до сих пор происходят:
- How long have you been learning English? (= you are still learning English)
- He has been watching TV all day. (=Tim is still watching TV)
- How long have you been reading that book?
- They have been playing tennis since 2 o’clock.
3. Действие которое повторяется за определенный период:
- Silvia is a very good tennis player. She has been playing since she was five.
- Every morning they meet in the same café. They have been going there for years.
Доп. Примеры:
Paul is in hospital.
But: He has been in hospital since Monday.
She is waiting for somebody.
But: She has been waiting all morning.
Past Perfect
(ключевые слова: just, already, yet)
Употребляется Past Perfect преимущественно для того, чтобы показать, что какое-то действие произошло раньше другого действия. Обязательно должна быть некоторая точка для сравнения, будь то указание времени или другое действие:
- When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat.
- Karen didn't want to come to the cinema with us because she had already seen the film.
- The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. He hadn't flown before.
- The house was dirty. They hadn't cleaned it for weeks.
Never … before:
- Somebody sang a song. I had never heard it before.
- Last year we went to Mexico. We had never been to Mexico before.
- I didn't know who she was. I'd never seen her before.
Past perfect continuous
- I was very tired when I got home. I had been working hard all day.
- It wasn’t raining when we went out. The sun was shining. But it had been raining, so the ground was wet.
- We had been playing tennis for a hour when it started to rain.
- When I arrived, Nastya was waiting for me. She was annoyed because I was late and she had been waiting for a long time.
(I am doing/I do) / Планируемое будущее время
1.
Мы используем планируемое
- Alex is getting married next month.
- What are you doing on Saturday evening?
- What time is Katya arriving tomorrow?
- He is playing tennis on Friday afternoon.
2. Используем для действий которые только собираемся совершить (go/come/leave):
- I’m going to bed. (now)
- Are you ready? (Yes, I’m coming.)
3. Мы используем “I do” в будущем времени, только когда говорим о расписании чего-то (для транспорта, кино, уроков и т.д. “I do” не подходит для личных договоренностей:
- My train leaves at 5’o clock tomorrow.
- What time does the film start this evening?
- Tomorrow is Wednesday.
Going to (I am going to do)
1. Речь идет о том, что мы уже решили/намеревались сделать:
- I am just going to make a quick phone call. Can you wait for me?
- I am not going to eat it.
- I am going to play Borderlands 2.
2. Когда мы смотрим на настоящее и можем сказать что произойдет в будущем:
- Look at those black clouds! It’s going to rain.
- I feel terrible. I think I’m going to be sick.
- The economic situation is bad now and things are going to get worse.
3. I was going to do something = I intended to do it, but didn’t do it:
- We were going to travel by train, but then we decided to go by car.
- I thought it was going to rain, but it didn’t.
- I was going to cross the road when somebody shouted “Stop!”
Future Simple
1. Мы используем “will”, когда решаем что-то сделать прямо в момент разговора:
- Oh, I've left the door open. I will go and shut it
- "What would you like to drink?" "I will have a lemonade, please."
- "Did you phone Ann?" "No, I forgot. I will do it now."
2. Когда предлагаем что-либо сделать:
- That bag looks heavy. I will help you with it.
- "I need some money." "Don't worry. I will lend you some."
3. Когда соглашаемся
или отказываемся что-нибудь
- "You know that book I lent you? Can I have it back?" "Of course. I will bring it back this afternoon."
- The car will not start. (=the car "refuses" to start)
4. Когда обещаем сделать что-нибудь:
- Thank you for lending me the money. I will pay you back on Friday.
- I won't tell Tom what you said. I promise.
5. Когда мы пытаемся предсказать будущее или когда надеемся что так будет в будущем:
- When they return home they will find a lot of changes.
- Tom won’t pass the exam.
- Where will you be next year? (I will be in Japan)
- When will you know your exam results?
6. Shall I…? / Shall we…? (только с I и We)
- Shall I open the window?
- What shall I do?
- Where shall we have a lunch?
Future Contituous
I will be doing = I will be in the middle of doing it:
- Don’t phone between 7 and 8. We will be having dinner.
- At 10 o’clock tomorrow, she will be in her office. She will be working.
- I will be playing tennis when you come.
Future Perfect
(ключевые слова: by Friday, by 10 o’clock)
Используется для описания действия, которое совершится к определенному моменту в будущем или к началу другого действия в будущем:
- We will have done this work by Friday. (мы сделаем эту работу до пятницы)
- We will have come back home by September. (мы вернемся домой к сентябрю)
- She will have visited ten countries by the time she gets back. (она посетит 10 стран к тому времени как приедет)
Доп. Примеры:
- I'll have been working here for 35 years by the time I retire.
- He'll have already read the report by now. Too late to change it.
- She'll have boarded her plane. It's too late to contact her.
When (while/before/after/as soon as/till) – для вещей, которые точно произойдут:
- What are you going to do while I’m away?
- I will go phone you when I get home.
- Wait here till I come back.
- You will feel better after you have something to eat.
If – для вещей которые возможно произойдут:
- We will get wet if we go out
- I will be angry if it happens again
- If we don’t hurry, we will be late