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Курсовая  работа  

Организация работы стиральных машин  в странах НАТО 
 
 
 
 

Выполнил  курсант 3 курса, 11 взвода, специальность «Продовольственное обеспечение войск. Менеджмент организации»,

Демьяник Г.С. 

     Научный руководитель:

     Кащеева К.В. 

                                    Курсовая работа защищена

                                    «____»_______________2012 г.

                                    Оценка____________________

                                    __________________________

                                    Подпись научного руководителя 
 

Вольск 2012

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ 

ВВЕДЕНИЕ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

ГЛАВА 1      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

ГЛАВА 2     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . 5

ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

СПИСОК  ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Введение 

В данной курсовой работе речь идет о технических средствах  вещевой службы, а именно, о современных  стиральных машинах, используемых в  странах НАТО. В работе  представлена техническая характеристика стиральных машин, их общее устройство. Говорится также о технических неисправностях, возникающих при эксплуатации и о способах их предотвращения и устранения.

Далее описывается  использование данных технических  средств в прачечных комплексах, которые позволяют сократить количество обслуживающего персонала, время стирки и сушки вещевого имущества, ускоряют при этом выполнение различных тыловых операций.

Но при этом, следует выполнять некоторые  требования, а именно, чтобы масса вещевого имущества соответствовала загрузочной емкости стиральной машины, была плотно закрыта дверца, а также следить за качественным состоянием резиновых прокладок. Которые являются основным источником возникновения плесени, грибка и распространения неприятного запаха.

Глава 1

Modern washing machines

Modern washing machines are available in two configurations: top- loading and front loading.

Market Share

It should be noted that while 10% of European washing machines may be top-loading they are not of the same design as North American machines. Rather than washing the clothes with an agitator, they also use a horizontally-mounted drum. The clothes are loaded through a hatch in the drum wall. Their design is otherwise similar to that of a front loader. These machines may work well for small apartments as they take up less floor space than a conventional front loader.

Top-loading

The top-loading design or V-axis clothes washer, most popular in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States and Latin America, places the clothes in a vertically-mounted perforated basket that is contained within a water-retaining tub, with a propeller-like agitator in center of the bottom of the basket. Clothes are loaded through the top of the machine, which is covered with a hinged door. During the wash cycle, the outer tub is filled with water sufficient to suspend the clothing freely in the basket, and the movement of the agitator pulls the clothing downward in the center towards the agitator paddles. The clothing then moves outward and up the sides of the basket to repeat the process. Top-loaders are not well-suited to cleaning large objects such as pillows or sleeping bags due to the tendency for them to just float on the surface of the water without circulating, and the aggressive agitator action can damage delicate fabrics.

In most top-loading washers, if the motor spins in one direction, the gearbox drives the agitator; if the motor spins the other way, the gearbox locks the agitator and spins the basket and agitator together. Similarly if the pump motor rotates one way it recirculates the sudsy water; in the other direction it pumps water from the machine during the spin cycle. Because they usually incorporate a gearbox, clutch, crank, etc., top-loading washers are mechanically more complex than front loading machines but are generally lower maintenance since there is no need for a door seal (described below). However, the electro-mechanical components in conventional top-load washers have largely reached maturity.

The top-loader's spin cycle between washing and rinsing allows an extremely simple fabric softener dispenser, which operates passively through centrifugal force and gravity. The same objective must be accomplished by a solenoid-operated valve on a front loader. Another advantage to the top loading design is the reliance on gravity to contain the water, rather than potentially trouble-prone or short-lived front door seals.

Arctic BE1200A+ is a front loading budget model sold in 2008 with 6 kg load, LCD indicator, 1200 RPM

Глава 2

Front-loading

The front-loading design or H-axis clothes washer, most popular in Europe and the Middle East, mounts the inner basket and outer tub horizontally, and loading is through a door at the front of the machine. The door often but not always contains a window. Agitation is supplied by the back-and-forth rotation of the cylinder and by gravity. The clothes are lifted up by paddles on the inside wall of the drum and then dropped. This motion flexes the weave of the fabric and forces water and detergent solution through the clothes load. Because the wash action does not require the clothing be freely suspended in water, only enough water is needed to moisten the fabric. Because less water is required, front-loaders typically use less soap, and the aggressive dropping and folding action of the tumbling can easily produce large amounts of foam.

Front-loaders control water usage through the surface tension of water, and the capillary wicking action this creates in the fabric weave. A front-loader washer always fills to the same low water level, but a large pile of dry clothing standing in water will soak up the moisture, causing the water level to drop. The washer then refills to maintain the original water level. Because it takes time for this water absorption to occur with a motionless pile of fabric, nearly all front-loaders begin the washing process by slowly tumbling the clothing under the stream of water entering and filling the drum, to rapidly saturate the clothes with water.

Front-loading washers are mechanically simple compared to top-loaders, with the main motor normally being connected to the drum via a grooved pulley belt and large pulley wheel, without the need for a gearbox, clutch or crank. But front-load washers suffer from their own technical problems, due to the drum lying sideways. For example, a top loading washer keeps water inside the tub merely through the force of gravity pulling down on the water, while a front-loader must tightly seal the door shut with a gasket to prevent water dripping onto the floor during the wash cycle. This access door is locked shut during the entire wash cycle, since opening the door with the machine in use could result in water gushing out onto the floor. For front-loaders without viewing windows on the door, it is possible to accidentally pinch fabric between the door and the drum, resulting in tearing and damage to the pinched clothing during tumbling and spinning.

Nearly all front-loader washers for the consumer market must also use a folded flexible bellows assembly around the door opening, to keep clothing contained inside the basket during the tumbling wash cycle. If this bellows assembly were not used, small articles of clothing such as socks could slip out of the wash basket near the door, and fall down the narrow slot between the outer tub and basket, plugging the drain and possibly jamming rotation of the inner basket. Retrieving lost items from between the outer tub and inner basket can require complete disassembly of the front of the washer and pulling out the entire inner wash basket. Commercial and industrial front-loaders used by businesses (described below) usually do not use the bellows, and instead require all small objects to be placed in a mesh bag to prevent loss near the basket opening.

This bellows assembly around the door is the source of problems for the consumer front-loader. The bellows has a large number of flexible folds to permit the tub to move separately from the door during the high speed extraction cycle. On many machines, these folds can collect lint, dirt, and moisture, resulting in mold and mildew growth and a foul odor. Some front-loading washer operating instructions say the bellows should be wiped down monthly with a strong bleach solution, while others offer a special freshening cycle where the machine is run empty with a strong dosing of bleach. In the past, suggested remedies have included adding vinegar to the laundry detergent, running an empty cycle with bleach every few weeks, wiping the door gasket with a diluted bleach solution every other week, and leaving the front-loading washer door ajar between loads.

Further comparisons

Top-loading washers do not suffer from continued maintenance problems and needs no regular freshening. During the spin cycle, a top-loading tub is free to move about inside the cabinet of the machine, using only a lip around the top of the inner basket and outer tub to keep the spinning water and clothing from spraying out over the edge.

There are many variations of these two general themes. Top-loading machines in Asia use impellers instead of agitators. Impellers are similar to agitators except that they do not have the center post extending up in the middle of the wash tub basket. There is also a top loading variant of the horizontal axis design that is loaded from the top, through a small door in the circumference of the drum. These machines usually have a shorter cylinder and are therefore smaller, but offer the efficiency of a front-loader while eliminating the problems of the flexible bellows. This kind of washing machine is sold and popular in Europe, especially in small households, because it offers the same drum system as front-loaders, just with a smaller footprint.

Many front loading machines have electrical heating elements to heat the wash bath to near boiling. Chemical action is supplied by the detergent and other laundry chemicals. Front loaders use special detergents that are designed to release different chemical ingredients at different temperatures. This is so that different type of stains and soils will be cleaned from the clothes as the wash water is heated up by the electrical heater. Front loaders also need to use low sudsing detergents because the tumbling action of the drum folds air into the clothes load that can cause over-sudsing. Due to the concentration of water and detergent, though, the sudsing issue of front-loaders can also be controlled by simply using less detergent without lessening cleaning action.

Tests comparing front loading and top loading machines have shown that, in general, front-loaders wash clothes more thoroughly, cause less wear, and use less water and energy than top-loaders. As a result of using less water, they require less detergent to be used, or conversely, they can use the same amount of detergent with less water, which increases detergent concentration and increases the amount of chemical action. They also allow a dryer to be more easily mounted directly above the washer.

Water leakage

Top loading machines are less prone to leakage when used under heavy gravity. Front loading machines require a seal on the front door, and similarly the front door must be latched during operation to prevent opening, lest large amounts of water spill out. This seal may leak or require replacement. Many current front-loaders, though, can be stopped and added to or removed from, by way of keeping the water level in the horizontal tub below the door level.

Energy usage

Some top-loader advocates have argued that a top-loader leans more towards efficiency with dramatically faster wash times, although comparisons of energy use show this to be wrong—front loaders use less energy, water and detergent and clean more effectively than the best top loaders.

Water usage

Front loaders generally use less water.

Compactness

Front loading machines may be installed underneath counters. A front loading washing machine, in a fully-fitted kitchen, may even be disguised as an ordinary base cabinet/unit. They may also be convenient in homes with limited floor area, since the dryer may be installed directly above the washer. 
 

Spin-dry effectiveness

Front loaders also offer much higher spin drying speeds of up to 2000 RPM. This makes it possible to dry clothes very quickly by hanging them on washing lines or airing racks or can substantially reduce the length of time required in a tumble dryer. 

  Noise

Front loaders tend to operate more quietly than top loaders, since there is less of a tendency to imbalance.

Accessibility and Ergonomics

Front loaders are more convenient for little people and those with paraplegia, as the controls are front-mounted and the horizontal drum eliminates the need for standing and/or climbing.

For people who are sufficiently tall and can stand, top-loaders may be easier to load and unload, since reaching into the tub does not require stooping. However, this issue can be mitigated due to the offering of risers (usually with storage drawers underneath) to raise the front loader door opening closer to the user's level.

Rinsing

Washing machines perform several rinses after the main wash to remove most of the detergent. Modern washing machines use less water due to environmental concerns, however this has led to the problem of poor rinsing on many washing machines on the market, which can be a problem to people who are sensitive to detergents. The Allergy UK website suggests re-running the rinse cycle again.

Maintenance wash

Washing machine manufacturers are now advising users to perform a regular maintenance wash which cleans the inside of the washing machine. A maintenance wash is performed without any laundry on the hottest wash programme, using either one of the following: white vinegar, a detergent with bleaching properties (it is not advisable to put actual bleach inside the washing machine) or you could use a proprietary washing machine cleaner. The purpose of a maintenance wash is to remove any mould, bacteria, old detergent residue and gunge. If using white vinegar, it is important to allow the washing machine to fill for about 30 seconds before adding the vinegar, as the first bit of water goes into the sump.  

The EU requires washing machines carry an efficiency label

Capacity and cost are the main considerations when purchasing a washing machine. If intended for use by a small family, a capacity of under 5 kg should be sufficient (thus saving energy and running costs).

One important factor that's missing from the energy labelling scheme is the washing machine's rinsing performance, which can adversely affect allergy sufferers and people who are sensitive to laundry detergents and chemicals. It is advisable to check an independent consumer report on how well a washing machine can rinse before purchasing, as newer washing machines use a lot less water than older ones. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
Глава 1  
 
Современные машины  
Современные стиральные машины выпускаются в двух конфигурациях: верхней загрузкой и фронтальной загрузкой.  
 С верхней загрузкой  стиральные машины самые популярные в  Австралии, Новой Зеландии, Канаде, Соединенных Штатах  и Латинской Америке. Для стирки одежды в верхней части имеются перфорированные барабаны. Одежда загружается через верхнюю часть машины, которая имеет  откидную дверцу. В ходе стирки, внешняя ванна заполняется водой полностью. Одежда движется наружу и вверх  внутри барабана повторяя процесс многократно. Стиральные машины с верхней загрузкой не очень хорошо подходят для очистки объемных вещей, таких как подушки, спальные мешки. Потому что, они просто плавают на поверхности воды, и неправильные действия барабана может повредить деликатные ткани.