Биография Эйнштейна

В то воскресенье  ночью на столике у его кровати  лежала рукопись. В ней были новые  уравнения, приводящие к единой теории поля, которую он никак не мог  завершить. Он надеялся, что завтра боли утихнут и он сможет поработать над рукописью. Но на рассвете произошло прободение стенки аорты, и он умер.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

SPB SU ITMO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Albert Einstein

(1879 - 1955) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

The student: Semenov Evgenу

Group: 5508

Einstein has grown in a liberal petty-bourgeois family, whose ancestors from generation to generation lived in Swabia (a southwest part of Germany). By origin they were Jews, but were indifferent to religion. Family life was tolerable though also careless, but they never were so are poor, as Wellss or Rutherfords.

In the childhood Einstein wasn't especially capable child. It seemed backward (as well as Churchill), has late started to speak. All it seems a little strange, especially for the future mathematician. As a rule, mathematical capabilities are shown at very early age. Many of outstanding mathematicians already asked questions about big or is infinite great numbers when three years (stories about it weren't it also are quite authentic, say, concerning Hard and Diraka). I personally observed of one really talented young mathematician to whom was four years. And I believe that now when have started to study attentively this strongly pronounced and especial talent, we will know, whether there are at the child mathematical capabilities, still before he has learned to read.

So, in the childhood Einstein didn't show mathematical capabilities, but it is not necessary to think that it has been at all deprived them. They simply weren't found out at early age. Since ten years in it signs of fast development became appreciable, but it was fast development not intelligence, and character.

His parents who quite could be and Catholics if they in general were believers, have given the son to Catholic elementary school. It was unaffected by it. Ten years it have specified in one of grammar schools of Munich. He has begun to hate it for the same reasons on which hated and in seventy years: the grammar school has been impregnated by militaristic spirit, and to it once and for all, on all life, the German militarism became hated. Children marched, teachers bellowed are there was not a school, and barracks. Already in ten years it rejected everyone муштру. He was horrified from compulsion in any kind or in any form - physical, emotional or intellectual. Zwang. Whether I know this German word, he has asked me when we spoke about English customs. And so, in the Munich grammar school he was up in arms for the first time against this Zwang.

In ten years he, appear, with the same confidence relied on the reason, as well as in seventy. In the childhood it had a period of religious mood. But it is short. Very soon in the center of its attention there was a reason, and in twelve years he practised something like space religion of the non-believer which has remained at it on all life. But he so often said a word "god" that misled it people. The child he has really endured deep religious feeling but when then spoke about god at all didn't mean that believers understood as it. "I believe in God Spinosa who reveals in harmony of all real, instead of in that god who manages destinies and acts of people", - he spoke already at mature age.

In an early youth he has come to this conclusion when was still the modest pupil of the Munich grammar school. With the same independence he has solved, than he will be engaged. At it were good - but no more they be successes in the physicist and the mathematician. But it didn't take out the majority of school subjects and at all didn't want to succeed in them. In it it rather differed from many gifted boys and almost from all future scientists. In school days the Rutherford, for example (it too was creatively original person), studied in all volume to that it learned, and studied perfectly. Hard didn't love the school in Winchester, but he aspired to prove to receive an award and grants in Triniti-college. For Einstein competition meant nothing, it didn't tempt him. Here again it is possible to notice spiritual similarity to the young Churchill not capable or doing not wish to show diligence at school. Only the writing of English essays delivered it pleasure.

Einstein's father was the unsuccessful businessman. In Munich business at it went badly, and it has moved to Milan where became even worse. Parents have left the son to whom then was fifteen years, in Munich that it has ended a grammar school. Separation from a family has a little affected the boy, already differing independent mind, but, remained one, it these six months has accepted the final decision.

Having arrived to Milan, he declared the the decision native which, apparently, have approved it. First, he has decided to throw the Munich grammar school which hated, and not to hand over final examinations which despised. Secondly, to tear with the Jewish community in which it still formally consisted. And thirdly, the heaviest to refuse German citizenship. He has decided not to have obligations which would be imposed it. Its self-trust was boundless. He relied only on itself(himself).

As a result it has failed at once at admission examinations in Polytechnical institute in Zurich. He wanted to arrive there to become the electrical engineer that looks a little strange in the light of a legend about its impracticality. Actually it is possible to speak about Einstein's impracticality at all more than about Hard's absent-mindedness, but sample representations are difficult for eradicating.

Though Einstein's father couldn't find money, the best members of a family of Einsteins, scattered across all Europe, have decided what to get education.в Zurich really not bad, and were ready наскрести money for young Einstein's training. And it is no wonder that it has handed over admission examinations in those subjects which studied, and has failed on the rests.

So, the young Einstein who has already reached such degrees of a maturity what you will not meet at many people of respectable age, has been forced to spend one year at the Swiss cantonal school. Then he gets over to Zurich and arrives on pedagogical faculty of the Polytechnic, wishing to become the teacher of physics now. Naturally, it there and then faces the same Zwang with which not in forces to be reconciled. Not that it didn't like Switzerland as which he considered as the civilized and democratic country. No, this time Zwang are examinations. They so suppress and hold down its mind that within the whole year upon termination of institute Einstein doesn't want to deal with scientific problems.

The Swiss cantonal school - In Switzerland isn't present uniform system of national education, and each canton has the school legislation and management; general for all cantons is compulsory education of children from 6—7 till 15—16 years; elementary school happens 7—9 years and consists of two steps.

However, at institute to it has very much carried. He studied at the Minkovsky, outstanding scientist who after publication of the first эйнштейновских works recognized that the pupil has much more surpassed it (though Einstein with a disposition to laziness studied). The Zurich Polytechnic was good educational institution, and general level of teaching was there high enough. Einstein had friends who admired it, as the higher being. In Zurich Einstein, possibly, was in the same favorable conditions, as well as Hard in Cambridge.

In a word, Einstein has received the diploma, but became the unemployed. At one time it seemed that to it never to find to itself works. Time two it was possible to be arranged with the teacher temporarily. While he studied, parents helped it, and now they expected that he will earn to itself(himself) on life. Einstein had a unique worn suit (with it it was easily reconciled) and is small meal (with what to reconcile was where more difficultly). It was helped by the true and loving friend Marseilles Grossman, subsequently itself become to the visible scientist. He has persuaded the father, the well-founded Swiss industrialist, somewhere to arrange Einstein.

In Bern, soon after receipt for work in patent office, he married. About this marriage and about its first wife there are inconsistent certificates. The Serbian girl Mileva Marich who has become by its first wife, studied together with it in Zurich and for four years was more senior it. Here, perhaps, and everything that about it is authentically known. The majority of the Swiss acquaintances of Einstein considered its gloomy, малоодаренной though it, possibly, simply was the reserved, melancholic person. Neither nor another it is impossible to consider that attractive, but other sources speak about its purely slavic relation to life and charming defenselessness.

To Einstein was twenty six has laid down, when at it the first son was born. By this time it has already got rid of bitter need and, continuing to work in patent office, has published (in 1905) in "the physics Annals" five scientific articles. Among them three works belong to number of the greatest in the history of physics.

In one, very simply written, the quantum explanation of photo-electric effect was offered - for this work in sixteen years it has been awarded the Nobel prize.

Another considered so-called Brownian motion, in other words, chaotic fluctuations of the smallest particles which are in a suspension in a liquid. Einstein has shown that movement of these particles submits to the concrete statistical law. It was similar to focus of the illusionist: that seemed mysterious and almost wonderful, became extremely simple and clear after an explanation. If earlier someone from physicists could doubt real existence of molecules and atoms now Einstein's clause gave almost direct proof to it. The most convincing proof of which the theorist could dream!

The third clause stated the special theory of a relativity connecting in a single whole a matter, space and time.

Meanwhile home life at it wasn't got on. Nobody can tell, how deeply it has affected it. By then, when it has moved to Prague, the family discord more and more went deep. In general its stay in Prague was not from the most pleasant. Invited in the Prague university on a post of the professor, Einstein becomes the official of empire of Habsburgs. At job appointment it was required, that he declared the religious accessory. Einstein.и has definitively torn for a long time with the Jewish community, but in Austria anti-Semitism was strong, and it was a good cause for it to declare the origin.

Einstein didn't lose courage, and his laughter still loudly sounded. We were reached by touching stories about its game on a violin in one of literary salons of Prague where disputes about Kанте were led, Gegel and Fichte and chamber music was performed. There often there was not Frants Kafka known still in those days, but hardly they sometime spoke with each other. Between them there was a little general.

But also in atmosphere of militaristic charcoal fumes it managed to find rest both in private life, and in creativity. Anyway, it was happy, having moved to Berlin where it has met the the uncle and his daughter Elzoj who has divorced recently after an unsuccessful marriage. Perhaps, he has fallen in love with it, but it is difficult to us to judge it. We know only that after divorce with Milevoj Marich he married Elze. Undemanding, cheerful, able to distinguish people, it all life protected it from everyday troubles. Unlike the first wife who studied mathematics, Elza understood nothing in Einstein's works. It was one of those marriages what quite often happen at great scientists: it gave to Einstein freedom and left alone with itself. To a meeting with Elzoj it had a recession period in scientific work. Almost right after marriages it began to work with special energy and has reached unknown creative elevating.

The general theory of a relativity has been published in 1916, and as soon as with it have got acquainted in England (where it has reached, having overcome slingshots, erected war), our scientists have come to conclusion that it almost unconditionally is true. "This greatest opening in a science since Newton", - was declared by them. On the basis of this theory Einstein had been made, in particular, a prediction which could be checked up at once astronomers. In the clause he asked them to produce this check. English astronomers have decided it to make. In March, 1917 they declared that on May, 29th, 1919 when there will be a complete solar eclipse, solving check of the general theory of a relativity should be produced.

All is affairs of bygone days. Check has, of course, given required confirmation.

As soon as the general theory of a relativity (and the glory has come to Einstein even before its confirmation) has been published, it has occupied such position what will be occupied hardly in the future with other scientist in public life. Anybody, actually, doesn't know, why, but it has entered into public consciousness of the whole world, becoming a live symbol of a science and the master of thoughts of the twentieth century. It seemed that people again want to glorify human reason and to erase from the memory horrors of war. Revering Einstein, they, in effect, didn't understand that value what they revered. But anyway, they believed that before them a being of the higher order.

Einstein always more soberly, than the majority of its colleagues, estimated political conditions in Germany. He saw, how under a surface of the Weimar republic powers of darkness wander. As soon as Hitler has come to power, Einstein much faster many politicians has understood that expects the world in the future. Means, followed leave hopes of the international pacifism. It was clear to Einstein that the nazi empire should be destroyed, and it openly opposed Hitler.

It wasn't in Germany when Hitler became the chancellor. Einstein was the courageous person, but he understood that if it will return to Germany fascists will kill him. He has lived the most part of 1933 in small Flemish seaside small town Den-Haan (Cooks-sjur-measures). There it has based some kind of an intellectual court yard for refugees. Den-Haan became time capital германоязычного the scientific world. By the way, this loveliest place at coast of Flanders where there was a pleasant custom to name street in honor of great people. They had Shakespeare, Dante, Rembrandt's streets and so on. But they didn't name any street a name of the most outstanding inhabitant.

Last years of life Einstein constantly was ill. He was tormented by illness of an intestines, a liver and in the end an aorta serious illness. It has been deprived everyday conveniences, often suffered from an acute pain, but remained affable and quiet, without paying attention to the illness and death approach. Also continued to work. He has met death easy. "On the earth I have executed the task", - he has told without any regret.

On that Sunday at night on a little table at its bed the manuscript lay. In it there were the new equations leading to the uniform theory of a field which it couldn't finish in any way. He hoped that tomorrow pains will cease also it can work over the manuscript. But at a dawn there was a perforation of a wall of an aorta, and he has died.